Biology MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Biology - Download Free PDF

Concept:

• The ecosystem consists of all the biotic factors (plants, animals, and microorganisms) and the physical environment (abiotic factors) that they interact with..
• The interaction of the biotic and abiotic factors results in the physical structure of an ecosystem.
• The ecosystems of the world can be broadly divided into two:
  • Terrestrial ecosystems - Terrestrial ecosystems include forests, deserts, grasslands, etc.
  • Aquatic ecosystems - Wetlands, rivers, estuaries, etc. are some examples of aquatic ecosystems.

Important Points

• The components of an ecosystem are seen to function as a unit for its sustainability.

Components of Ecosystem -   ​

• Productivity - 
  • Primary production refers to the amount of biomass or organic matter that is produced per unit area over a time period by plants during photosynthesis.
  • The rate of biomass production is called productivity.
• Decomposition - 
  • It refers to the process by which decomposers break down complex organic matter into inorganic substances like carbon and water.
  • Due to decomposition, vital nutrients are made available to the primary producers.
• Energy flow - 
  • Sun is the major and only source of energy for all ecosystems. 
  • The energy from the sun is harnessed by autotrophs and used for the production of food.
  • The energy from the autotrophs is then passed on to consumers.
  • In an ecosystem, the flow of energy is unidirectional.
• Nutrient cycling - 
  • Nutrient cycles or biogeochemical cycles are defined as the natural pathways by which nutrient elements of an ecosystem are circulated.
  • Gaseous and sedimentary are the two types of nutrient cycles.

So the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Explanation:

• Respiratory rhythm centre is primarily responsible for regulating respiratory rhythm
• Pneumotaxic centre present in the pons region of the brain can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre.
• A chemosensitive area is situated adjacent to the rhythm centre which is highly sensitive to CO2 and hydrogen ions.
• Receptors associated with aortic arch and carotid artery also can recognise changes in CO₂ and H+ concentration and send necessary signals to the rhythm centre for remedial actions.

• The regulatory mechanism of respiration involves multiple centers and receptors within the central nervous system and peripheral areas. The respiratory rhythm is primarily controlled by:
  • Respiratory rhythm centre in the medulla oblongata, which generates the basic rhythm of respiration.
  • Pneumotaxic centre in the pons, which moderates the activity of the respiratory rhythm centre to regulate the breathing rate and pattern.
  • Chemosensitive area adjacent to the respiratory rhythm centre in the medulla, which detects the levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Receptors associated with the aortic arch and carotid artery (peripheral chemoreceptors), which detect changes in the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the blood.

• Rationale: Although receptors in the aortic arch and carotid artery (peripheral chemoreceptors) are important, they are not sufficient on their own to regulate respiration. Central control mechanisms in the brain are also involved.

• Rationale: While this statement includes important components, it omits the critical roles of the respiratory rhythm centre in the medulla and the pneumotaxic centre in the pons, which are essential for the regulation of the rhythm and rate of breathing.

• The regulation of respiration is a complex process involving multiple centers in the brain and various peripheral receptors. These include the respiratory rhythm centre in the medulla, the pneumotaxic centre in the pons, chemosensitive areas in the medulla, and peripheral receptors in the aortic arch and carotid artery, all working together to ensure proper respiratory function.

The correct answer is Neural signals from the pneumatic centre of the pons increase the duration of inspiration.

Explanation:

• The pneumotaxic centre can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre.
• Neural signal from this centre can reduce the duration of inspiration and thereby alter the respiratory rate.
• About 90% of the carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate.
• Emphysema is the reduction in the surface area of alveoli and smoking leads to this condition.
• Receptors associated with aortic arch and carotid artery also can recognise changes in CO₂ and H⁺ concentration and send necessary signals to the rhythm centre for remedial actions.
• The role of oxygen in the regulation of respiratory rhythm is quite insignificant.

The correct answer is Preventing the process of translation of mRNA of the nematode.

Explanation:

• A nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes a great reduction in yield.
• A novel strategy was adopted to prevent this infestation which was based on the process of RNA interference (RNAi).
• RNA interference is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.
• RNAi is a natural cellular process that uses small RNA molecules to silence the activity of specific genes. It is a form of post-transcriptional gene regulation.
• RNAi takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense.
• The two main types of small RNA molecules involved in RNAi are small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA).

The correct answer is Male gamete.

Key Points

• Sperm or spermatozoa is a gamete (sex cell) produced in the male reproductive system.
• It is a mobile cell with one goal - to fertilize a female egg.
• Each sperm contains the entire genome of the male that produced it.
• Combined with the female genome contained in the egg, a zygote is formed - a single pluripotent stem cell containing the fused male and female genomes.
• Sperm cells were first described in the late 17th century by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.

Additional Information

• Isogamete:
  • Isogamete is a gamete that is similar in shape, size, and behavior to another gamete with which it can produce a zygote.
  • They are also known as homogametes.
• Female gamete:
  • Female gametes are produced in the ovary. It is called an egg or egg.
  • Each month, the female produces one egg during her menstrual cycle.
• Gamete:
  • A gamete is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms.
  • Gametes are reproductive cells of an organism, also known as sex cells.

Concept:

• Thermoregulation is the mechanism by which some animals like mammals maintain their core body temperature irrespective of the changing environmental temperature.
• Based on whether an animal can maintain their body temperature or not they are divided into two: Homeotherm and Poikilotherms.

1. Homeotherm: An animal that can maintain constant internal body temperature. Birds and mammals are homeotherms.
2. Poikilotherm: An animal that cannot maintain a constant internal body temperature. The internal temperature in these animals varies generally with the varying environmental temperatures. Amphibians and reptiles are poikilotherms.

Explanation:

• Frogs are poikilotherms i.e. they cannot maintain a constant body temperature.
• Their body temperature fluctuates with that of the environment.
• During winters, the frog's body temperature becomes too low. As a result of which all the body activities of the frog get ceased and it becomes sluggish.
• Similarly during summers, due to high temperatures again the body's activities cease and the animal becomes sluggish.
• To avoid such harsh environmental conditions, frogs undergo special adaptations that enable them to survive in unfavorable conditions.
• Hibernation and Aestivation are the two adaptations taken up by the frog to avoid unfavorable conditions.

HIBERNATION:

• Hibernation is also known as winter sleep.
• During winters, frogs dig deep down into damp earth at the bottom of the ponds and rest there.
• During hibernation, lung breathing is stopped in the frog.
• The skin continues breathing which suffices the oxygen requirement of the frog during hibernation.

AESTIVATION:

• Aestivation is also known as summer sleep.
• Just like in hibernation, during aestivation too frogs burrow themselves into the damp earth.
• On the arrival of the rainy season, the animal resumes its normal body activities.

So from the above-given information, the correct answer is option 4 (Skin only).

Additional Information

•  Ectotherm: Ectotherms rely on the external environment to regulate their body temperature. These are also called cold-blooded animals. Poikilotherms are regarded as ectotherms.
• Endotherm: Endotherms are animals that maintain their own body temperature through metabolic activities. These are also called warm-blooded animals. Homeotherms are regarded as endotherms.

The correct answer is autotrophic nutrition.Key Points

• Autotrophic nutrition is the mode of nutrition in which organisms make their food themselves from simple substances.
• The process of autotrophic nutrition involves the use of light energy (in photosynthesis) or chemical energy (in chemosynthesis) to produce organic compounds.
• Autotrophs are organisms that carry out autotrophic nutrition, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria.

Additional Information

• Heterotrophic nutrition is the mode of nutrition in which organisms obtain their food by consuming other organisms or organic matter.
• Saprotrophic nutrition is a type of heterotrophic nutrition in which organisms obtain their food by decomposing dead organic matter.
• Phototrophic nutrition is a subcategory of autotrophic nutrition, in which organisms use light energy to produce their own food.

The correct answer is i - b, ii - c, iii - d, iv - a.

Key Points

The trophic levels represent the hierarchical levels in an ecological food chain, indicating the position of organisms based on their feeding relationships. Here's the explanation for the correct match:

• First trophic level - phytoplankton:
  • The first trophic level typically consists of primary producers that convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.
  • Phytoplankton are microscopic plants that form the base of aquatic food chains.
• Second trophic level - zooplankton:
  • The second trophic level comprises primary consumers that feed on the primary producers.
  • Zooplankton, which includes tiny animals, consume phytoplankton, placing them at the second trophic level.
• Third trophic level - fishes:
  • The third trophic level involves secondary consumers that feed on primary consumers.
  • In aquatic ecosystems, fishes are often positioned at the third trophic level as they consume zooplankton or other smaller organisms.
• Fourth trophic level - human:
  • The fourth trophic level represents tertiary consumers, which are higher-order predators.
  • Humans, being omnivores or carnivores, are often placed at the fourth trophic level in food chains when they consume animals from lower trophic levels.​ 

The correct answer is a - iv, b - iii, c - ii, d - i.

Key Points

• Blue-green Algae (Cyanobacteria)
  • Blue-green algae are actually bacteria and are also known as Cyanobacteria.
  • They are photosynthetic organisms and can live in a wide variety of environments, including freshwater, seawater, damp soil, or rocks.
  • Cyanobacteria are known for their significant contribution to the Earth's oxygen atmosphere.
  • They can exist as single cells or can form colonies.
• Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
  • Red algae, often called Rhodophyta, have been identified as one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae.
  • They are mostly found in the warmer waters of the ocean.
  • Red algae are of great economic value because of their use in the production of agar and carrageenan, substances used as thickening agents in various food products.
  • Their red colour is due to the pigment, phycoerythrin.
• Green Algae (Chlamydomonas)
  • Green algae are a diverse group of algae from which plants evolved. Chlamydomonas is a genus of unicellular green algae.
  • Chlamydomonas species are widely distributed worldwide and are found in soil and freshwater.
  • They have two flagella that allow them to move.
  • They are known for their green colour due to the presence of chlorophyll.
• Brown Algae (Sargassum)
  • Brown algae are the most complex type of algae; many are seaweeds.
  • Sargassum is a brown algae, known for forming massive floating forests in the ocean.
  • It is primarily marine and is found in warm-temperate and tropical oceans.
  • They provide important ecological functions such as providing habitats for a wide variety of marine species.
  • The brown colour is due to the presence of a pigment called fucoxanthin, which masks the green colour of chlorophyll.

Concept: 

• Fruit refers to a mature or ripened ovary, developed after fertilization.
• The fruit consists of a wall or pericarp and seeds.
• When the pericarp is thick and fleshy, it is differentiated into the outer epicarp, the middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp. 

Explanation:

• Fruit is said to be false fruit when the fruit is formed from the other parts of the flower as well as the ovary like the receptacle (base), the perianth, thalamus, inflorescence, or calyx.

• Examples of such fruits are strawberries, pineapple, mulberry, apples, pears, etc.

• The given figure is of a false fruit.

• False fruit develops from other floral parts and the thalamus along with the development of the ovary wall.

• Therefore, the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information If the fruit is formed without fertilization of the ovary, it is called a parthenocarpic fruit.

The correct answer is Collar cells.

 Key Points

• The body of sponges (poriferans) has several minute pores called ostia through which the water enters into the central cavity, spongocoel.
• The flagellated cells called choanocytes (collar cells) line the spongocoel.
• These cells generate a flow of water and the water current helps in food gathering, respiratory exchange and removal of waste.
• The water finally goes out of the body through a large pore called osculum. (Plural: oscula).
• The body wall of the sponge is composed of two layers: outer pinacoderm and inner choanoderm. In between these two layers, mesenchyme is present with various mesenchymal cells.

Additional Information

• Somatic cells make up the connective tissue, skin, blood, bones and internal organs.
• White blood cells are made in the bone marrow. They are stored in your blood and lymph tissues.
• These sex cells are also called reproductive cells or gametes. Sperm cells are produced in men's testicles and egg cells are produced in women's ovaries

The correct answer is Rhodophyceae.Key Points

• Red algae:-
  • It is a type of marine algae that are predominantly red in color due to the presence of pigments such as phycoerythrins and phycocyanins.
  • They are found in both tropical and temperate waters and play an important role in marine ecosystems as primary producers and as a food source for herbivorous marine animals.
  • Some species of red algae are also used by humans for various purposes such as food, medicine, and cosmetics.
  • Red algae are known for their ability to survive in extreme environments such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents and polar regions.

Additional Information

• Chlorophyceae:
  • This is a class of green algae that are mostly freshwater species and are commonly found in ponds, lakes, and streams.
• Liverwort:
  • This is a type of non-vascular plant that grows in damp habitats such as forests, bogs, and riverbanks.
  • They are commonly found in temperate and tropical regions and play an important role in soil formation and nutrient cycling.
• Phaeophyceae:
  • This is a class of brown algae that are predominantly marine and are commonly found in temperate and cold waters.
  • They are important primary producers in coastal ecosystems and are also used by humans for food and other purposes.

The correct answer is i - b, ii - a, iii - c, iv - d

Key Points

• The cell physically expands, duplicates organelles, and creates the molecular building blocks it will require in subsequent stages during G1phase, also known as the first gap phase.
• The cell creates a full copy of the DNA in its nucleus during the S phase. Moreover, it makes duplicates of the centrosome, a structure that organises microtubules. During M phase, the centrosomes aid in the separation of DNA.
• The second gap phase, also known as the G2 phase, is a time of increased cell growth, protein and organelle production, and content reorganisation in preparation for mitosis.
• The cell's nuclear DNA condenses into its visible chromosomes during mitosis and is separated by the mitotic spindle, a specialised microtubule-based structure.

Additional Information

•  Stages of the cell cycle
  • ​A cell must grow, replicate its genetic material (DNA), and physically split into two daughter cells before it may divide.
  • The cell cycle is a structured, predictable series of actions that cells take to complete these goals.
  • Because the two daughter cells can restart the entire process from the beginning after each cycle, the cell cycle is a cycle rather than a linear pathway.

The correct answer is Ground tissue.

• The term cortex refers to the outermost layer of a structure.
• In the brain, the cortex most often refers to the cerebral cortex, although the cerebellum also has an outer layer called the cerebellar cortex.
• The three types of ground tissue: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
  • A function included photosynthesis, storage, regeneration, support, and protection.

Important Points

Additional Information