Who said that reference groups can also be imaginary?

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MPPSC Assistant Prof 4th Aug 2024 Sociology Paper II
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  1. Klineberg
  2. Sheriff
  3. Merton
  4. Hyman

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : Klineberg
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MPPSC Assistant Professor UT 1: MP History, Culture and Literature
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The correct answer is - Klineberg

Key Points

  • Klineberg
    • Discussed the concept that reference groups are not limited to real, tangible entities but can also be imaginary.
    • Reference groups serve as a standard for self-evaluation and behavior, influencing an individual's attitudes and actions.
    • Imaginary reference groups can include idealized versions of oneself or others, such as celebrities or fictional characters.
    • This concept extends the understanding of social influences beyond direct, physical interactions.

Additional Information

  • Reference Groups
    • Are groups that individuals use as a frame of reference for their own behavior and attitudes.
    • They play a critical role in the process of socialization and identity formation.
  • Types of Reference Groups
    • Normative Reference Groups: Groups that influence general or broadly defined values or behavior.
    • Comparative Reference Groups: Groups that influence specific attitudes or behaviors.
    • Membership Groups: Groups to which an individual currently belongs.
    • Aspirational Groups: Groups to which an individual aspires to belong.
    • Dissociative Groups: Groups an individual does not want to associate with.
  • Imaginary Reference Groups
    • Can include fictional or idealized figures that an individual aspires to emulate.
    • They highlight the psychological aspects of social influence, showing how internalized ideals impact behavior.
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