Trade Creation and Diversion Effects: Examples and Key Impacts

Trade creation and trade diversion are two opposing effects that can occur when countries form trade agreements like free trade areas or customs unions. In the realm of global economics, trade creation and diversion are vital aspects which affect how countries interact under trade agreements. Trade creation takes place when the reduction happens in a group of nations which leads to a major shift from higher-cost domestic production to lower-cost imports from partner nations, which increases the economic efficiency and welfare of a place. Conversely, trade diversion occurs when preferential treatment within a trade agreement results in replacing cheaper imports from non-member countries with more costly imports from member countries, potentially undermining the benefits of trade liberalization. Understanding trade creation and diversion effects is essential for analyzing the true impact of trade agreements on member and non-member nations alike

Trade creation and diversion effects is a vital topic to be studied for the commerce related exams such as the UGC NET Commerce Exam.

In this article, readers will be able to know about:

• What Is Trade Creation?
• A Real-Life Example of Trade Creation
• Detailed Effects of Trade Creation
• What Is Trade Diversion?
• Trade Diversion: Real-Life Case Studies
• Trade Diversion Effects
• Trade Creation vs Trade Diversion: A Visual Comparison

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Fig: trade creation and diversion effects

The diagram above provides a simplified overview of how trade creation and diversion effects reshape international trade flows within regional blocs

Trade Creation and Diversion Effects

Trade creation is one of the key positive outcomes of forming a trade agreement between countries. When countries lower or eliminate tariffs and other trade barriers, trade creation leads to a more efficient allocation of resources and increased economic activity. This phenomenon occurs as a result of cheaper imports from partner countries replacing more expensive domestic production. Understanding the detailed effects of trade creation can help policymakers and economists gauge the true benefits of trade agreements.

To fully understand the dynamics of regional trade agreements, it’s crucial to explore both components of trade creation and diversion effects in depth. Trade creation is that benefit which accrues to an economy after a country or a group of countries reduces or abolishes barriers to trade and enables imports from more efficient producers under such a trade agreement. Replacement of usually costly or inefficient domestic production by cheap imports from partner countries is the hallmark of trade creation. 

It is one of the prime advantages of regional economic integration (like free trade areas or customs unions), where preferential treatment and deeper access to one another's markets are enjoyed by the member countries. This concept brought up by economist Jacob Viner in 1950 is important in welfare analysis of trade treaties.

A Real-Life Example of Trade Creation

These case studies clearly highlight how trade creation and diversion effects can vary depending on the structure and goals of the trade agreement

European Union (EU): Germany and France

Prior to the EU single market, Germany produced a small number of industrial components internally at higher costs. After joining the EU, the country applied low tariffs upon importation from France of auto parts. Due to lower price and efficiency, Germany switched from local production to importing from France:

• Cost-saving
• An increased number of vehicles produced
• Employment in both countries
• This is a textbook example of trade creation where an efficient producer within the bloc displaced a less-efficient domestic production.

NAFTA/USMCA: U.S. and Mexico

It was NAFTA that saw the U.S. commencing the importation of automotive components and textiles from Mexico then, with labor costs much lower, regarding to subsequently:

• Goods cheaper in the U.S.
• Job creation in Mexico
• Efficient supply chain across North America.

Detailed Effects of Trade Creation

The trade creation and diversion effects jointly determine whether a trade agreement enhances or undermines national economic welfare. The details have been stated below.

Increased Efficiency and Comparative Advantage

• Efficiency Gains: When trade barriers are reduced, countries can specialize in producing goods where they have a comparative advantage. This specialization means that countries can produce goods more efficiently and at a lower cost than if each country tried to produce everything domestically.
• Resource Allocation: Resources (labor, capital, land) are redirected to industries where the country is most efficient, leading to better overall economic performance and productivity.

Consumer Benefits

The removal of tariffs or the reduction of these tariffs allows consumers access to more affordable goods imported into the country's territory and gives them opportunity to purchase more products in quantities that can expand their purchasing power and welfare.

• Prices Decreased: With the lifting of tariffs or reduction of those tariffs, imported goods become cheaper so that it can open access to even a wider variety of goods at lower prices for consumers, including their increased purchasing power and welfare.
• Varied Product Types: In most cases, a trade agreement means that there will be increased exposure of various items in the markets because it will open doors that allow consumers to other products made in different nations, hence a wide assortment for their choices and satisfaction. 

Impacts on Home Producers 

• Competitiveness: There are more innovations and improvements initiated within local producers to increase their productivity and compete with efficient foreign producers. Such are expected to cause technological advancement and efficient practices in business operation. 
• Increasing Market Access: Local companies obtain access to broader markets within the bloc through which they sell products incumbently in increased quantity sales and profitability. 

Economic Growth and Job Creation

• Economic Development and Jobs Creation Stimulus for Growth: Trade creation expands the markets, business avenues, and foreign direct investment (FDI) in a country, thus turning the growth potential of an economy. 
• Jobs Created: Increased competition causes job losses in some industries while other more competitive industries grow and create new jobs, producing net increases in household wealth and labor market returns as they realign resources into more productive uses. 

Improved International Relations

• Improved International Relations Political Stabilization: Nations depend on one another in part on mutual economic ties. The interdependence in economy brings about better behavioral relations, even political ones. Trade agreements will create cooperative economic and political environment through the enabling process of trade creation.

• Regional Integration: Trade creation supports regional integration efforts by linking economies more closely, promoting peace, and fostering regional development strategies.

What Is Trade Diversion?

Trade diversion occurs when a country shifts imports from a more efficient non-member country to a less efficient member country due to the preferential tariff treatment within a trade agreement. This shift reduces global economic efficiency because:

• The importing country is no longer sourcing goods from the lowest-cost global supplier.
• Trade is "diverted" to a less competitive producer within the bloc simply because of zero or lower tariffs.
• While trade creation improves welfare, trade diversion may reduce it, making it a negative side effect of regional trade agreements.

Trade Diversion: Real-Life Case Studies

Real-world examples provide the clearest insight into how trade creation and diversion effects manifest across different regions and trade blocs

Joining the EU (1973)

Before joining the EU, the UK imported a huge volume of lamb from New Zealand—a low-cost producer on the world market. After EU membership:

Imposed tariffs on New Zealand imports.

Imported lamb from France and Ireland, which were less efficient producers.

This decreased efficiency and increased lamb prices in the UK market—a typical case of trade diversion.

MERCOSUR and Brazil

In the MERCOSUR trade bloc, Brazil began importing wheat from Argentina after the agreement—even though wheat from Canada was cheaper. But due to zero tariffs on Argentine wheat and tariffs on Canadian wheat, Brazil diverted trade, leading to higher domestic prices and lower consumer welfare.

Trade Diversion Effects

Trade diversion is another important concept when analyzing the impacts of trade agreements. It occurs when trade shifts from a more efficient supplier outside a trade agreement to a less efficient supplier within the trade bloc due to the preferential treatment of tariffs or other trade barriers. Unlike trade creation, which generally improves economic efficiency and consumer welfare, trade diversion can have mixed effects by potentially reducing overall economic welfare and efficiency. 

Less Efficient Resource Allocation

• Suboptimal Production Choices: Trade diversion leads countries to import goods from less efficient producers within the trade agreement instead of from the most efficient global producers. This can result in higher production costs and less efficient resource use.
• Misuse of Comparative Advantage - Rehabilitation of Trade Preference: Some trade preferences distort the true comparative advantages that exist among different countries and yield less favorable production and trade patterns.

Consumer Impact

• Higher Prices: Consumers may face higher prices for goods that are now imported from less efficient producers within the trade bloc instead of from more efficient non-member countries.
• Reduced Product Variety: The shift in trade patterns can also limit the variety of goods available to consumers if more efficient non-member suppliers are excluded.

Impact on Non-Member Countries

• A decline in the export stream of non-member country trade with member countries might occur due to the diversion effect. The economies of these non-member countries get a hammering, especially when they are very much export-dependent on these markets.
• Economic Strain: Reduced access to key markets can put economic strain on more efficient non-member producers, potentially impacting their economic growth and development. Non-member countries often bear the unintended consequences of trade creation and diversion effects, especially when their competitive advantage is overlooked due to preferential treatment within trade blocs.

Geopolitical and Strategic Considerations

• Strained Relations: Trade diversion can strain economic and diplomatic relations between member countries and non-member countries, as the latter may perceive the trade agreement as unfairly excluding them.
• Retaliatory Actions: Some non-member countries would retaliate against the diversion of trade by forming new trade blocs or imposing tariffs and other trade barriers. This has the possibility of creating a situation that would lead to global trade issues and more antagonistic conditions. 

Economic Welfare Implications

Balancing trade creation and diversion effects is critical for maximizing welfare outcomes and reducing global trade imbalances.

• Mixed Economic Outcomes: While trade agreements aim to promote economic integration and growth, the presence of trade diversion can undermine these benefits. The overall welfare gains from trade creation might be offset by the welfare losses from trade diversion.
• Challenges in Policymaking: Perhaps the most difficult task is balancing policymakers' desires for regional integration with concerns about potential negative effects of trade diversion. It is a complex task but one extremely vital to design treaties in such a manner that minimizes trade diversion while maximizing trade creation.

Trade Creation vs Trade Diversion: A Visual Comparison

Trade creation and trade diversion are two effects of regional trading agreements that oppose each other. Trade creation improves economic efficiency as the imports are supplied by low-cost producers, while trade diversion lowers efficiency by directing purchases toward less efficient firms in member countries. The comparative table below provides a simplified view for assessing trade creation and diversion effects that will benefit students and trade policymakers in the assessment of trade effects. The table below highlights their key differences:

Feature	Trade Creation	Trade Diversion
Efficiency Impact	Increases overall economic efficiency	May reduce overall efficiency
Consumer Prices	Generally decreases prices	May lead to higher prices
Resource Allocation	More optimal allocation of resources	Less optimal use of global resources
Welfare Effect	Positive impact on consumer and national welfare	Can result in welfare losses
Trade Pattern	Shifts to low-cost producers globally	Shifts to less efficient bloc members due to tariff benefits

Conclusion

To assure that economic integration of the nations remains sustainable, it should take into account all possible effects of a trade policy on trade creation and trade diversion. Both these concepts play fundamental roles in generating economic outcomes of a trade agreement. Trade creation usually reflects good economic gains through transferring production into sources more efficient than its existing sources, whereas trade diversion can indicate some loss through giving preference to less-efficient trading partners due to trade preferentiality. It balances the two effects involved in maximizing economic gains for participating countries and the consequent growth of the economy as a whole. Trade creation and diversion effects is a vital topic per several competitive exams. It would help if you learned other similar topics with the Testbook App.

Major Takeaways for UGC NET Aspirants What is meant by Trade Creation? Trade creation occurs when trade barriers are removed and there arises, within the trade-discriminating integration of a country, the need to import goods from a more efficient producer within the trade bloc rather than producing them within the country itself, at a more costly price. This brings about better resource allocation, lower production costs, and increased economic efficiency. A Very Relevant Example of Trade Creation in Reality: Here is Germany importing parts for car-making from France within the European Union and then importing from Mexico under the North American Free Trade Agreement. By way of these examples, price-creating trade improves production efficiency through widening access to consumers. These illustrate how trade can move towards more competitive suppliers through regional agreements.  Very Much More Comprehensive Effects of Trade Creation: Trade creation increases comparative advantage, decreases prices for consumers, enriches product diversity, and boosts economic development; it encourages domestic firms to innovate and refrains political and economic relations among nations. What is Trade Diversion? When an importer prefers to source imports from a less efficient member nation because of a preferential tariff instead of from a more efficient non-member, it distorts trade patterns and potentially lowers total global efficiency.  Real-time Examples Illustrate Trade Diversion. : The examples of UK taking lamb imports from New Zealand to the EU and then Brazil taking Argentine wheat instead of importing cheaper Canadian ones prove how costs are escalated because of diversion. This shows what real inefficiencies and losses occur because of this diversion in trade.  Effects of Trade Divergence: Most of the time, it leads to an inefficient choice of production, increased prices for consumers, and lower international competitiveness for countries involved in trade diversion. Besides affecting the economies of above countries not members, it may lead to frayed international relations of nations through retaliatory trade policies. A Picture Examination on Trade Creation vs Trade Diversion: Trade diversion, in contrast to trade creation which brings about efficiency and welfare increases by lowering cost and then increasing competition, increases price, thus lowering welfare, favoring the lesser competitive producers. Understanding the distinction in terms of evaluation of the success of trade agreements concerned is imperative.

Trade Creation and Diversion Effects Previous Year Questions

Match List-I with List-II:

List – I List – II

(a) Hamilton List (1) Trade creation and Trade diversion effects

(b) Marshall-Lerner (2) Indian Industry

(c) F.Y. Edgeworth (3) Elasticity approach

(d) Jacob Viner (4) Impoverishing growth

Codes:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) (2) (3) (1) (4)

(B) (2) (3) (4) (1)

(C) (3) (2) (4) (1)

(D) (3) (2) (1) (4)

Answer: (B)