Which of the following pramanas are accepted as valid by the Naiyayikas?

(A) Perception

(B) Inference

(C) Presumption

(D) Verbal Testimony

(E) Comparison

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :  

The correct answer is (A), (B), (D) and (E) Only.

Nyaya is one of the six darshans of Indian philosophy. 

Key Points

• ​Nyaya philosophy is a form of direct realism.
• Its main work is the Nyaya-sutras, which is attributed to Gautama
• There are six Pramanas in Indian philosophy, whereas Pramanas are a reliable means of gaining knowledge. 
• Nyaya schools accept only four Pramanas: 
  • Pratyakṣa (perception) 
  • Anumāṇa (inference)
  • Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy)
  • Śabda (word and testimony).

Thus, Perception, Inference Verbal Testimony and Comparison are accepted as valid by the Naiyayikas. 

Additional Information

• According to Nya̅ya philosophy, an argument does not proceed on those issues that are well established.