A five-bit asynchronous counter is shown in the figure. If the clock input frequency is 22⋅4 MHz, what is the frequency at the output E?

Counter circuits made from cascaded J-K flip-flops where each clock input receives its pulses from the output of the previous flip-flop invariably exhibit a ripple effect, where false output counts are generated between some steps of the count sequence. These types of counter circuits are called asynchronous counters, or ripple counters.

In the above 5-bit asynchronous counter the signal at the output of the last Flip flop will have a frequency is equal to the input clock frequency divided by the mod number of the counter.

Mod number of the above circuit is MOD = 2⁵ = 32.

 That means the above counter acts as MOD-32 counter.

The output of the last flip flop will have a frequency of 1/32 of the input clock frequency.

Output frequency = \(22⋅4 MHz\over 32\) = 700 KHz