Science, Technology and Society MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Science, Technology and Society - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

The correct answer is - i, iii, ii, iv.

Key PointsPrinting Revolution:

• The printing revolution began in the mid-15th century with the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440.
• This revolution made it possible to produce books and documents in large quantities, significantly impacting literacy, education, and the spread of information.

• The Industrial Revolution started in the late 18th century, around the 1760s in Britain, before spreading to other parts of the world.
• It was characterized by the transition from hand production methods to machine-based manufacturing processes, leading to significant changes in society, economy, and technology.

• The Green Revolution refers to a period of agricultural innovation that took place from the 1940s to the late 1960s, although its impacts were most notable in the 1960s and 1970s.
• It involved the development and adoption of high-yielding crop varieties, along with modern agricultural practices, to increase food production worldwide, particularly in developing countries.

• The Bio-technological Revolution refers to advancements in biotechnology that began to accelerate in the latter part of the 20th century, especially from the 1970s onward, with developments in genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, and molecular biology.
• This revolution has continued into the 21st century, influencing medicine, agriculture, and various industries.

Howard Rheingold wrote the book 'The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier' in 1993. 

• This book is cited as foundational for cybercultural studies.

Key Points

• Howard Rheingold
  • considered a pioneer in development of virtual communities.
  • first one to treat Internet as a social and cultural environment.
  • Virtual Community as a term first appeared in 1984 article by Gene Youngblood.
  • In simple parlance, group of people (might or might not meet physically), who communicate via digital networks.
  • Rheingold defines virtual community as social aggregations that
    • emerge from the Net when enough people carry on those public discussions long enough,
    • with sufficient human feeling, to form webs of personal relationships in cyberspace.

Additional Information

• Robert Putnam
  • famous for developing two-level game theory.
  • His notable works include
    • Making Democracy Work
      • ​its a comparative study of regional governments in Italy.
      • He argues that success of democracies depend largely on horizontal bonds of their social capital.
    • and Bowling Alone
    • Here he argues that social capital has been declining in American community.
• Manuel Castells
  • coined the concepts like 'space of flows', 'Fourth World', 'Network Society', 'Information Age', 'Informationalim', 'collective consumption'.
  • His interests area are communication research, organizational studies, urban sociology, internet studies, political economy and social movements etc.
  • His major works include The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, The city and the grassroots, The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach, The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban Regional Process, The Information Society and the Welfare State: The Finnish Model etc.
• David Riesman
  • influenced by the works of T. Veblen, Max Weber, Freud, Hannah Arendt, R.K. Merton and Paul Lazarsfeld.
  • His most well known work is The Lonely Crows: A study of changing American Character.
  • In this work, he offered a nuanced picture of middle and upper-middle american classes.
  • also explored transition of american society from based on prodution to market-centred consumption.

The correct answer is - MacIver and Page.

Key Points

• MacIver and Page are notable sociologists who emphasized the integration of technology within the broader context of cultural factors.
• They argued that technology is not an isolated phenomenon but deeply interwoven with the cultural fabric of society.
• It influences and is influenced by the prevailing values, beliefs, and norms.
• In their perspective, technology shapes and is shaped by cultural practices, impacting social organization, social relations, and even the way individuals think and behave.
• This approach acknowledges the complexity of technological change, seeing it as both a driver and a product of cultural evolution.

Additional InformationGillin and Gillin: 

• John Gillin and his son William Gillin were sociologists interested in cultural anthropology and the study of society.
• Their work primarily focused on cultural aspects and human social behavior in various environments.

• Sorokin, a Russian-American sociologist, is best known for his contributions to social cycle theory and sociocultural dynamics.
• He discussed the interplay between technology and culture within the context of social change but tended to see culture as encompassing a society's philosophical, religious, ethical, and artistic dimensions.
• His analysis often focused on cultural and civilizational dynamics, viewing technology as one of several forces influencing societal shifts.

• Parsons, an American sociologist, is famous for his action theory and the system-theoretical approach.
• In his framework, the societal system is made up of interdependent parts, including the cultural system, the personality system, and the social system.

The correct answer is 2000

Key Points The Information Technology Act, 2000 (also known as ITA-2000, or the IT Act) is an Act of the Indian Parliament which was notified on 17 October 2000. Its primary aim is to deal with cyber crime and electronic commerce. The bill was signed by the president K.R.Narayanan. It further amend The Indian Penal Code, The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, The Banker’s Books Evidence Act, 1891 and The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

Additional Information The salient features of The IT Act, 2000 are as follows-

1) Digital signature is replaced by electronic signature to make it more technologically convenient.

2) Defines in a new section that cyber cafe is any facility from where the access to the internet is offered by any person in the ordinary course of business to the members of the public.

3) It provides for the constitution of the Cyber Regulations Advisory Committee.

4) It contains provisions regarding offences, penalties and breaches.

5) It based on The Indian Penal Code, 1860, The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, The Bankers’ Books Evidence Act, 1891, The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, etc.

The correct answer is Digital Divide.

• Opportunities emerging from the Information and Communication Technology-based development is unevenly distributed across the globe. While developed countries have highly advanced technology on the same hand developing countries lagging behind it, it is known as Digital Divide.
• For example, in a large country like India or Russia, it is inevitable that certain areas like metropolitan centers possess better connectivity and access to the digital world versus peripheral rural areas.
• The Digital Divide, also called the digital split.

Additional Information

•  As per the report by NSO, most of the Internet-enabled homes are located in cities, where 42% have Internet access. In rural India, however, only 15% are connected to the internet.
• As per TRAI, the total internet density in the country stood at about 49% in 2018 and out of which 25% belongs to rural areas and 98% in urban areas.

The correct answer is - PMGDISHA (Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan)

Key Points

• PMGDISHA (Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan)
  • PMGDISHA aims to provide digital literacy to approximately six crore rural households.
  • The scheme focuses on enabling people in rural areas to operate digital devices, such as computers and smartphones, and to access e-services like banking, education, and agriculture.
  • The goal is to bridge the digital divide and promote e-Governance through wider technology access in rural India.
  • It directly contributes to universal access to technology and supports e-Governance initiatives by making people digitally literate.

Additional Information

• BharatNet
  • BharatNet aims to provide high-speed broadband to all Gram Panchayats. While it improves internet infrastructure, its primary focus is on connectivity rather than e-Governance.
• Jan Dhan Yojana
  • Jan Dhan Yojana is primarily focused on financial inclusion, aiming to provide access to banking services to all households in India.
• Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan
  • Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan focuses on the education sector, aiming to enhance school education across pre-school to senior secondary levels. It does not directly address technology access for e-Governance.

The correct answer is: - (a) - (i), (b) - (ii), (c) - (iii), (d) - (iv)

Key Points

Explanation of Concepts and Their Theorists:

• Technological Determinism (a) - Marshall McLuhan (i):
  • Technological determinism is a theory that presumes that a society's technology drives the development of its social structure and cultural values.
  • Marshall McLuhan, a prominent media theorist, is known for his statement "the medium is the message," which emphasizes how the medium through which content is conveyed affects how the content is perceived.
  • He argued that new technologies reshape how individuals understand and interact with the world.
• Media Ecology (b) - Neil Postman (ii):
  • Media ecology is the study of media environments and how they affect human perception, understanding, and communication.
  • Neil Postman was a leading figure in this field, exploring how media and technology influence the way we think, feel, and act.
  • His work often critiqued the growing dominance of technology in shaping cultural and societal norms.
• Network Society (c) - Manuel Castells (iii):
  • The concept of the network society describes a society whose social structure is based on networks empowered by digital communication technologies.
  • Manuel Castells is renowned for his extensive work on the network society, particularly in his trilogy "The Information Age," where he examines the economic, social, and political implications of the networked world.
  • He highlights the transformative impact of information and communication technologies on global capitalism and social organization.
• Information Society (d) - Daniel Bell (iv):
  • The information society is a society where the creation, distribution, and manipulation of information has become the most significant economic and cultural activity.
  • Daniel Bell's work on the concept of the post-industrial society laid the foundation for understanding the information society.
  • He argued that the primary driver of such a society is the knowledge economy, which replaced industrial manufacturing as the key growth sector.

Additional Information

• The Influence of These Theories:
  • These theories and concepts help understand the profound impact of technological advancements on society and culture.McLuhan's ideas encourage us to examine not just the content we consume but the mediums through which we consume it.
  • Postman's media ecology emphasizes the need for critical engagement with technology to understand its effects on human thought and interaction.
  • Castells' network society framework offers insights into the global interconnectedness and the dynamics of power in the digital age.
  • Bell's information society concept underscores the shift towards a knowledge-based economy and the implications for employment, education, and policy-making.
• Relevance Today:
  • As technology continues to evolve rapidly, these theoretical frameworks remain crucial for analyzing contemporary issues such as digital divide, privacy, and the role of social media in shaping public opinion.
  • Understanding these concepts helps navigate the complex interplay between technology, society, and culture in the 21st century.

The correct answer is - Megatechnics

Key Points

• Megatechnics
  • In "The Myth of the Machine," Lewis Mumford uses the term "Megatechnics" to describe the centralized and hierarchical organization of society driven by technological power.
  • Mumford criticizes this system as focusing on large-scale, efficient, and uniform technological development at the expense of human values and social well-being.
  • He argues that Megatechnics encourages over-specialization, dehumanization, and environmental degradation.

Additional Information

• Democratechnics
  • The term suggests a society where technology serves democratic purposes, aligning with human and community needs in a decentralized manner.
• Biotechnics
  • Mumford uses "Biotechnics" to describe a technology that works in harmony with biological processes and promotes ecological balance, supporting the life-enhancing aspects of human existence.
  • It stands in contrast to Megatechnics, aiming for sustainable and humane technological development.
• Microtechnics
  • This term generally refers to the small-scale, precise application of technology, often in fields like electronics and engineering.
  • Microtechnics focuses on enhancing efficiency and innovation on a smaller, specialized scale, but Mumford does not focus on this term in his critique.

The correct answer is All of the above.Key Points

• LAN- Local Area Network:
  • A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a building, office, or home.
  • A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and devices in an office or school.
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network:
  • A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that connects computers within a metropolitan area, which could be a single large city, multiple cities and towns, or any given large area with multiple buildings.
• WAN - Wide Area Network:
  • A wide-area network (WAN) is a collection of local-area networks (LANs) or other networks that communicate with one another. 
  • A WAN is essentially a network of networks, with the Internet the world's largest WAN.

The correct answer is -  Physical penalties to surveillance

Key Points

• Foucault's analysis revolves around the shift in the mode of exerting power in disciplinary institutions.
• Instead of relying on physical punishments and visible, tangible penalties, the Panopticon embodies the concept of constant surveillance as a form of control.
• The structure facilitates an ever-present gaze, making inmates feel perpetually observed, thereby encouraging self-regulation and modifying their behavior without direct force.
• This transition signifies a move from overt physical dominance to a more subtle psychological form of influence, where power exerts itself through the possibility of being watched.
• Foucault highlights that this shift is a significant point in the history of repression, marking a change in how societal control is implemented and maintained.

Additional Information

Foucault:

• Foucault was a French philosopher and social theorist known for his critical studies of various societal institutions.
• His notable works include "Discipline and Punish," where he explores the evolution of the modern penal system, and "The History of Sexuality," examining how power affects and regulates sexuality.
• Foucault's theories emphasize the relationship between power, knowledge, and social control, illuminating how systems of power operate within society.
• The Panopticon model is a central theme in Foucault’s analysis of surveillance, illustrating how architectural design can influence psychological behavior and reinforce power dynamics.