Animal and Plant Breeding MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Animal and Plant Breeding - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

Concept:

• With the increase in population there is also a need for increase in food production and plant breeding has helped in that.
• Plant breeding is purposeful manipulation of plants to create new varieties having the desired qualities like-
  • Giving good yield and improved quality
  • being disease resistant
  • better suited for cultivation
  • Increased tolerance to environmental stress 
• In India at around 1960s, several high yielding varieties of Rice and Wheat were developed using plant breeding.
• This led to an enormous increase in food production and this phase is referred to as Green Revolution.

Explanation:

Option 1) Wheat

• In 1963, semi-dwarf variety of wheat , Sonalika and Kalyan Sona were introduced in wheat-growing belts of India.
• Both of them were high yielding and disease resistant.
• They were developed by Norman E. Borlaug at International Centre for Wheat and Maize Improvement in Mexico.
• Hence, this option is correct.

Option 2) Rice

• Several semi dwarf variety of rice were also developed at different countries.
• Semi dwarf variety rice derived from IR-8 was developed at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines.
• Taichung Native 1 was developed at Taiwan.
• Jaya and Ratna were the semi dwarf high yielding varieties developed in India.
• Hence, this option is incorrect.

​Option 3) Millet

• Hybrid varieties of millets like maize, jowar and bajra were developed in India.
• Hybrid breeding helped in development of varieties having high yield and resistance to water stress.
• Hence, this option is incorrect.

Option 4) Tobacco

• During Green Revolution, the major focus was on development of higher varieties of food yielding crops like wheat, rice, millets, etc and not on non food crops like tobacco.
• Hence, this option is incorrect.​

​Hence, the correct answer is option (1).

The correct answer is It decreases the productivity of inbred population, after continuous inbreeding.

Concept:

• Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.
• This process can expose harmful recessive genes, which can then be eliminated through selection.
• Inbreeding can lead to the accumulation of desirable traits through the elimination of less desirable genes.
• However, prolonged inbreeding can result in inbreeding depression, which decreases the overall productivity and fitness of the population.

Explanation:

• Decreases homozygosity: This statement is incorrect because inbreeding actually increases homozygosity by increasing the chances of offspring inheriting the same alleles from both parents.
• Exposes harmful recessive genes: Inbreeding exposes these genes, allowing for natural or artificial selection to eliminate them.
• Elimination of less desirable genes: Through selection, inbreeding helps in the elimination of deleterious alleles and the accumulation of superior genes.
• Decreases productivity after continuous inbreeding: Continuous inbreeding can lead to inbreeding depression, which reduces the overall productivity and fitness of the population due to the accumulation of harmful recessive traits.

Concept:

• Tissue culture is the method of culturing plant or animal cells, tissue, or organ in vitro.
• Here the isolated part from the target plant or animal is grown in a sterile liquid nutrient medium under controlled conditions of light, humidity, and temperature. Usually carried out in a glass container.
• Tissue culture is based on the principle of totipotency - an inherent ability of living plant or animal cells to grow, divide, redivide and give rise to a whole organism.

Explanation:

Explant - 

• ​In the case of a plant tissue culture, an explant is any part of the plant that is taken out and grown in a sterile condition in a special nutrient medium.
• This part of the plant can give rise to a whole plant.
• Thus, the explant is a part of the plant used in tissue culture. 
• The part of the plant that can be used as an explant is the leaf, stem, root, petiole, hypocotyl, cotyledon, embryo, and meristem.
• Based on the nature of the explant, tissue culture is of three types - Cell culture, Organ culture, and Embryo culture.

So the correct answer is option 3.

Concept:

• With the increase in population there is also a need for increase in food production and plant breeding has helped in that.
• Plant breeding is purposeful manipulation of plants to create new varieties having the desired qualities like-
  • Giving good yield and improved quality
  • being disease resistant
  • better suited for cultivation
  • Increased tolerance to environmental stress 
• In India at around 1960s, several high yielding varieties of Rice and Wheat were developed using plant breeding.
• This led to an enormous increase in food production and this phase is referred to as Green Revolution.

Explanation:

Option 1) Wheat

• In 1963, semi-dwarf variety of wheat , Sonalika and Kalyan Sona were introduced in wheat-growing belts of India.
• Both of them were high yielding and disease resistant.
• They were developed by Norman E. Borlaug at International Centre for Wheat and Maize Improvement in Mexico.
• Hence, this option is correct.

Option 2) Rice

• Several semi dwarf variety of rice were also developed at different countries.
• Semi dwarf variety rice derived from IR-8 was developed at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines.
• Taichung Native 1 was developed at Taiwan.
• Jaya and Ratna were the semi dwarf high yielding varieties developed in India.
• Hence, this option is incorrect.

​Option 3) Millet

• Hybrid varieties of millets like maize, jowar and bajra were developed in India.
• Hybrid breeding helped in development of varieties having high yield and resistance to water stress.
• Hence, this option is incorrect.

Option 4) Tobacco

• During Green Revolution, the major focus was on development of higher varieties of food yielding crops like wheat, rice, millets, etc and not on non food crops like tobacco.
• Hence, this option is incorrect.​

​Hence, the correct answer is option (1).

The correct answer is 'G.J. Mendel'.

 Key Points

• Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.
• He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent.
• Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.
• Mendel's law of inheritance is as follows:
• Law of segregation: During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
• Law of independent assortment: Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

​Concept:

• Animal husbandry is the branch in agriculture which deals with the controlled cultivation, management and production of domestic animals for meat, eggs, milk and other food products.
• It also deals with increasing the yield of animals and improvement of qualities which are considered to be desirable by means of breeding.
• A group of animals which are related by descent and share similarities in most characters like general appearance, features, size, configuration etc., are said to belong to a breed.
• When the breeding is done between animals of the same breed it is known as inbreeding.
• When the crosses are done between different breeds, it is known as outbreeding.
• Inbreeding mainly refers to the mating of closely related  individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.
• Superior male and superior female of a breed are identified and mated to produce superior progeny.
• Superior males and females among the progeny are identified and further mated with each other.
• This helps in improving the quality of the breed and get the desired characters in the progeny.

​Explanation:

• Inbreeding increases homozygosity.
• Therefore inbreeding is necessary to evolve a pureline in any animal.
• It helps in the accumulation of the superior genes and elimination of less desired genes.
• Continuous and close inbreeding reduces fertility and also productivity. This is called inbreeding depression.
• To solve this problem, selected animals of the breeding population is mated with unrelated superior animal of the same breed.
• By using this method, the fertility and yield is usually restored.

Additional Information

Types of outbreeding -

• Out crossing-
  • It is the type of breeding in which the breeding is done between individuals of same breed but have no common ancestors for 4-6 generations.
• Cross breeding-
  • When superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed , it is known as cross breeding.
  • This method helps in the combination of the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined
• Interspecific hybridisation-
  • Male and female animal of two different related species are mated in this method.

Thus, the correct answer is Option (3).

Concept:

• Plant breeding along with animal breeding is the means by which the food production of a country can be increased.
• Plant breeding involves the manipulation of existing varieties of the crop to obtain superior varieties of the crop with desired characteristics.
• The desired plant types are better suited for cultivation, give better yield, and are disease resistant.
• The main steps involved in plant breeding are:
  • Collection of variability.
  • Evaluation and selection of parents.
  • Cross-hybridization among the selected parents.
  • Selection and testing of superior recombinants.
  • Testing, release, and commercialization of new cultivars.

Explanation:

• Option 1: Germplasm collection - CORRECT
  • ​Germplasm collection can be defined as the entire collection of seeds/plants that have all the diverse alleles of all genes in a given crop.
  • Thus germplasm collection refers to the genetic variability of a target crop. 
  • Genetic variability forms the basis of any breeding program.
• Option 2: Protoplasm collection - INCORRECT
  • ​Protoplasm refers to the living part of a cell.
  • It comprises two parts - cytoplasm and nucleus.
• Option 3: Herbarium - INCORRECT
  • An herbarium is a taxonomic acid that helps in the identification of a plant species.
  • An herbarium is a storehouse that comprises collected plant species that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets.
• Option 4: Somaclonal collection - INCORRECT
  • ​Somaclonal collection refers to all the variations that occur in a plant species that are produced by plant tissue culture.

So the correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• Basmati rice has been mostly grown in the traditional areas of the north and north western parts of the Indian sub-continent.
• It is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic rice.
• The flavour of basmati rice is due to the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.
• Natural levels of this aromatic chemical compound in basmati rice is 0.09 ppm, i.e. 12 times higher in non-basmati rice varieties, which gives basmati its characteristic aroma and flavour.
• The Indian varieties of Basmati are- P3 Punjab, type III Uttar Pradesh, hbc-19 Safidon, 386 Haryana, Kasturi, Mahi Suganda, Pusa 1121, Pusa 1718, Pusa 1509, Pusa 1692, etc.
• Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Delhi, used conventional plant breeding to produce a semi-dwarf hybrid variety of basmati namely Pusa Basmati-1.
• The hybrid has most of the good features of traditional basmati such as grain elongation, fragrance, and alkali content.

Explanation:

• India accounts for over 70% of the world's basmati rice production.
• One of the major Basmati rice-producing states in our country is Uttar Pradesh.
• The other states of basmati rice production in India are in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, and Bihar.
• The finest basmati rice is grown on either side of the Indus Valley in India.
• In India, over 7,76,000 hectares of Basmati rice are now being cultivated.

Hence, the correct option is (3) Uttar Pradesh.

Concept:

• Animal breeding aims at increasing the yield of animals and improving the desirable quality of the produce.
• A breed refers to a group of animals that are related by descent and are similar in most characteristics like general appearance, features, size, configuration, etc.
• Animal breeding can be done by either inbreeding or outbreeding.

Important Points

Inbreeding - 

• It refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.
• This helps in increasing homozygosity, which is required for maintaining pure-lines.
• It helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes.
• However, it may also lead to inbreeding depression, as the harmful genes might become more exposed.

Outbreeding - 

• It is the breeding of unrelated animals and are of 3 types:

1. Out-crossing - 
   • It is the mating of animals within the same breed but having no common ancestors on either side of pedigree for up to 4-6 generations.
   • The offspring is called as an out-cross.
2. Cross-breeding - 
   • It is a mating between two different breeds.
   • In this process, the superior male of one breed is mated with a superior female of another breed.
   • It produces the desirable qualities of 2 different breeds.
   • Hisardale is the breed of sheep obtained from cross-breeding Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
3. Interspecific Hybridization - 
   • Male and female animals of 2 different, but related species are mated.
   • Example - Mule (Male donkey + Female Horse).

Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Concept:

• Animal breeding aims at increasing the yield of animals and improving the desirable quality of the produce.
• A breed refers to a group of animals that are related by descent and are similar in most characteristics like general appearance, features, size, configuration, etc.
• Animal breeding can be done by either inbreeding or outbreeding.

Important Points

Inbreeding - 

• It refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.
• This helps in increasing homozygosity, which is required for maintaining pure-lines.
• It helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes.
• However, it may also lead to inbreeding depression, as the harmful genes might become more exposed.

Outbreeding - 

• It is the breeding of unrelated animals and are of 3 types:

1. Out-crossing - 
   • It is the mating of animals within the same breed but having no common ancestors on either side of pedigree for up to 4-6 generations.
   • The offspring is called as an out-cross.
2. Cross-breeding - 
   • It is a mating between two different breeds.
   • In this process, the superior male of one breed is mated with a superior female of another breed.
   • It produces the desirable qualities of 2 different breeds.
   • Example - Hisardale is a breed of sheep (Bikaneri ewes + Marino rams).
3. Interspecific Hybridization - 
   • Male and female animals of 2 different, but related species are mated.
   • Example - Mule (Male donkey + Female Horse).

Hence, from the above explanation we can say that the correct answer is Cross-breeding.