Psychology and Psychiatric Nursing MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Psychology and Psychiatric Nursing - Download Free PDF

• An Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score is a standardized measure used to assess human intelligence. It is often used to classify intellectual disabilities into categories based on the individual's cognitive functioning and adaptability.
• A patient with an IQ score of 30 falls into the category of severe intellectual disability (previously referred to as severe mental retardation). This category typically includes individuals with IQ scores ranging between 20 and 34.
• People in this range often have very limited communication skills, require extensive support in daily living activities, and may have significant physical or neurological impairments. They may learn basic self-care and communication skills with intensive support and training.

• Rationale: This category includes individuals with IQ scores between 50 and 70. People in this range can often live independently with minimal support, perform basic academic tasks, and hold jobs requiring routine skills. It does not apply to an IQ score of 30.

• Rationale: This category is for individuals with IQ scores between 35 and 49. They can typically perform basic self-care tasks, communicate effectively, and engage in simple work activities under supervision. However, an IQ score of 30 falls below this range.

• Rationale: Individuals in this category have IQ scores below 20. They typically require constant care and supervision due to extremely limited cognitive and physical abilities. While an IQ score of 30 is low, it does not fall within this category.

• The categorization of intellectual disabilities is important for tailoring education, therapy, and care to the individual's specific needs.
• Intellectual disability is assessed not only using IQ scores but also by evaluating adaptive functioning, which includes daily living skills, social skills, and communication abilities.
• The terminology and classifications of intellectual disabilities have evolved over time to adopt more respectful and inclusive language, replacing terms like "mental retardation" with "intellectual disability."

• An IQ score of 30 places a patient in the severe intellectual disability category. This classification helps in providing appropriate interventions and support to improve their quality of life and functioning.

• Justice is an ethical principle that emphasizes fairness and equality in the distribution of resources, opportunities, and services. In the context of healthcare, justice requires that all individuals, regardless of their location or socioeconomic status, have equitable access to healthcare services and resources.
• The statement highlights the disparity in healthcare services between rural settings and metropolitan cities. This unequal access violates the principle of justice because it undermines fairness and equality in the provision of healthcare services to patients based on their geographic location.
• The principle of justice is foundational to ethical decision-making in healthcare, ensuring that no group is marginalized or disadvantaged in receiving care.

• Healthcare disparities in rural areas often stem from factors such as limited infrastructure, fewer healthcare providers, and economic challenges. Addressing these disparities is a critical step toward upholding the principle of justice and promoting equal access to care.
• Ethical frameworks in healthcare often advocate for policies and interventions aimed at reducing inequalities and improving access to services for underserved populations.

• Rationale: Autonomy refers to an individual's right to make informed decisions about their own healthcare. It emphasizes respect for the patient's ability to choose and act independently. While important, autonomy is not directly related to disparities in access to healthcare services, which is the issue discussed in the statement.

• Rationale: Beneficence is the principle of acting in the best interest of the patient, promoting their well-being, and preventing harm. While beneficence drives healthcare providers to offer the best possible care, the issue in the statement pertains to systemic inequality in access, which is more closely aligned with justice.

• Rationale: Non-maleficence is the obligation to "do no harm" and avoid actions that could negatively impact the patient. While disparities in healthcare access could indirectly cause harm, this principle primarily focuses on preventing harm rather than addressing systemic inequalities.

• The principle of justice directly addresses the issue of unequal access to healthcare services in rural versus metropolitan areas. It emphasizes fairness and equality in the distribution of healthcare resources and calls for interventions to address disparities. The other options, while important ethical principles, do not specifically address systemic inequalities in access to care.

• An impulse refers to a sudden, strong desire or urge to act, often without forethought or consideration of the consequences. In this scenario, the person's craving for chocolate cake despite trying to eat healthy is driven by an impulse. Impulses are typically emotional and arise quickly, challenging one's self-control.
• The craving for chocolate cake represents a momentary desire that conflicts with the person's long-term goal of maintaining a healthy diet. This is a classic example of an impulse overriding rational thought or self-discipline.
• Impulses are common in everyday life and can be triggered by sensory stimuli, emotional states, or even memories, as is likely the case with the craving for chocolate cake.

• Rationale: A habit is a repeated behavior or action that is performed automatically without much conscious thought. It is often formed through repetition and becomes a part of one's routine. In this case, the craving for chocolate cake is not a habitual behavior but rather a spontaneous impulse. Thus, this option is incorrect.

• Rationale: Conflict refers to a situation where two opposing ideas, desires, or goals come into play, creating a tension or dilemma. While there is an internal conflict between eating healthy and indulging in chocolate cake, the scenario primarily highlights the sudden urge or impulse rather than the broader psychological conflict. Therefore, this is not the correct answer.

• Rationale: Resolution refers to the process of solving a problem or making a decision after weighing different options. In this scenario, the person is still experiencing the craving and has not yet resolved the internal dilemma. Hence, resolution is not the correct answer.

• Rationale: Since there is no defined option provided for "Option 5," it cannot be considered a relevant or correct choice in the context of this question.

• The craving for chocolate cake despite trying to eat healthy is best categorized as an impulse because it represents a sudden, strong urge that challenges the person's self-control and long-term goals.
• Understanding impulses is important for managing behaviors effectively, especially in scenarios involving diet, exercise, and other habits where self-control plays a critical role.

• Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on diagnosing, treating, and understanding mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. It is specifically concerned with conditions such as depression, anxiety, and other psychological issues that impact a person's daily functioning and quality of life.
• In this scenario, the individual is experiencing persistent sadness, loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities, and changes in appetite and sleep patterns. These symptoms are hallmark indicators of a depressive disorder, which falls under the domain of clinical psychology.
• Clinical psychologists employ various methods for assessment, including psychological testing, interviews, and observations, and use evidence-based treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, or other therapeutic approaches.
• Additionally, clinical psychologists often collaborate with psychiatrists for cases that may require pharmacological intervention, ensuring a holistic approach to the individual's mental health.

• Rationale: Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. While it may contribute to understanding the thought patterns associated with depression, it does not focus on diagnosing or treating mental health disorders in clinical settings.

• Rationale: Social psychology examines how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social interactions and societal factors. While it may explore the social factors contributing to mental health conditions, it is not primarily concerned with diagnosis or therapeutic intervention for disorders like depression.

• Rationale: Developmental psychology studies the psychological changes that occur throughout a person's lifespan, from infancy to old age. While it may consider how developmental stages influence mental health, it does not focus on diagnosing or treating specific mental health conditions like depression.

• The symptoms described in the question are indicative of a depressive disorder, which falls under the expertise of clinical psychology. Clinical psychology is uniquely equipped to assess, diagnose, and treat such conditions through evidence-based therapeutic approaches and, when necessary, collaboration with other healthcare providers.

• Mania is a state characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and hyperactivity, often seen in bipolar disorder. One of the hallmark symptoms of mania is a decreased need for sleep. Individuals experiencing mania often feel rested and energized despite sleeping for only a few hours or sometimes not at all.
• This decreased need for sleep is not the same as insomnia, where individuals struggle to sleep despite feeling tired. In mania, the individual does not feel the usual fatigue associated with sleep deprivation and may remain active and alert for extended periods.
• The reduced sleep requirement in mania can exacerbate other symptoms, such as impulsivity, distractibility, and grandiosity, further fueling the manic episode.

• Sleep disturbances are considered a diagnostic criterion for mania according to the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition).
• Treatment for mania often involves mood stabilizers, antipsychotic medications, and sometimes sedatives to address sleep disturbances and other manic symptoms.

• Rationale: This symptom is more commonly associated with depressive episodes rather than mania. In depression, individuals may experience hypersomnia, where they sleep excessively but still feel fatigued. This is the opposite of what is observed in mania.

• Rationale: Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, is a parasomnia disorder where individuals perform complex behaviors during sleep. It is not a feature of mania and is unrelated to the decreased need for sleep seen in manic episodes.

• Rationale: While disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle can occur in mania, it is not the defining feature. The specific disturbance in mania is a decreased need for sleep, which is distinct from general sleep-wake cycle disruptions.

• The decreased need for sleep is a key symptom of mania, distinguishing it from other conditions that may affect sleep patterns. Recognizing this symptom is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management of manic episodes.

Explanation:

• A phobia is an exaggerated usually inexplicable and illogical fear of a particular object, class of objects, or situation
• The term ‘phobia’ is often used to refer to a fear of one particular trigger.
• There are three types of phobia recognized by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).

1. Specific phobia:
   • This is an intense, irrational fear of a specific trigger.
2. Social phobia, or social anxiety:
   • This is a profound fear of public humiliation and being singled out or judged by others in a social situation.
   • These kinds of people avoid large gatherings because of social anxiety.
   • It is different than shyness.
3. Agoraphobia:
   • This is a fear of situations from which it would be difficult to escape if a person were to experience extreme panic, such as being in a lift or being outside of the home.

The correct answer is mood.

Key Points

• Depression is a mood disorder.
• Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act.
• It is treatable.
• It causes feelings of sadness and a loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed.
•  It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease your ability to function at work and at home.​

Additional Information

Concept:-

• The concepts of id, ego and superego are proposed by 'Sigmund Freud' in his 'Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality. Freud used these three concepts to describe the three parts of the human personality and to explain the way a human mind works.  

According to Freud, the human personality is made up of three major systems: the id, ego, and superego. 

Important Points

Another concept introduced by Freud was the “unconscious”. He conceived of the mind like an Iceberg, the tip of which is called the conscious, a small portion as subconscious and the remaining large portion as the Unconscious.

Let's Understand in Brief:

• The ID:
  • It is the unconscious part of the human personality that works to fulfil basic desires.
  • It is based on the pleasure principle which aspires for the satisfaction of antisocial desires.
• The Ego:
  • It looks for rules and morals and resides in the unconscious mind. 
  • The Ego always postpones the desire and discharge the tension until it gets the desired object. 
• The Super-Ego:
  • It is the moral part of the personality, which is known as conscience too. It stands for perfection, rather than pleasure.
  • It acts as a balance between id and super-ego, it tries to figure the solution which does not hurt either id or super-ego.
• Unconscious:
  • A reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness.
  • Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict.
  • According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence the conscious behaviours of the individual.

Key Points

• The deep-seated unconscious mind is the storehouse of all our memories and experiences. It is the centre for emotions and feelings and for all our behaviour and habits.
• Freud proved that through various psychoanalytical techniques which are also partly therapeutic like the free association technique or the dream analysis technique, changes can be brought in the unconscious mind.

The Psychosocial crisis ‘Trust vs Mistrust’ is linked with the stage infancy (0 – 18 months) of Erikson’s theory. There are 8 stages in Erikson’s theory.

Erikson covered human personality development in a series of eight stages that take place from the time of birth and continue throughout an individual’s complete life. Erik Erikson’s Psycho-social Theory focused on the adaptive function of the ego and the development of ego strength. There are some reasons due to which his theory is considered as stage theory:

• Personality develops in stages in a pre-determined order, from infancy to adulthood.
• Each stage has a psychological crisis, which could be positive or negative.
• Each crisis comes with its psychological needs which conflicts with the need of society.
• On completing the stage, a healthy personality comes out along with basic virtues.

Hence, there are four reasons behind Erikson’s theory being a stage theory.

Concept:

Mania

• Mania is a psychological condition that causes a person to experience unreasonable euphoria, very intense moods, hyperactivity, and delusions.
• Mania (or manic episodes) is a common symptom of bipolar disorder.
• A doctor will also likely prescribe a mood stabilizer, also called an “antimanic” medication.
• These help control mood swings and prevent them, and may help to make someone less likely to attempt suicide.
• Patients may need to take medicine for a long time, sometimes indefinitely.
• The doctor may prescribe lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid) and certain anti-seizure drugs like carbamazepine (Tegretol) or valproate (Depakote).
• Patients may need very close medical supervision and blood tests while you take these.

Additional Information

• Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is elevated during mania. Lithium acutely stimulates the NMDA receptor, increasing glutamate availability in the postsynaptic neuron.
• It takes about 1 to 3 weeks for lithium to show the effects of symptoms.
• Therapeutic lithium level is somewhere between 0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L

Concept:-

In psychoanalytic theory, given by Sigmund Freud says that the defense mechanism is an unconscious psychological action that functions to protect a person from anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings related to internal conflicts and outer stressors. There are many defense mechanisms enlist which a person uses in his day to day life:

• Sublimation: It is similar to displacement, but takes place when a person manages to displace his unacceptable emotions into behaviors that are constructive and socially acceptable, rather than destructive activities.
• Sublimation is one of Freud's original defense mechanisms in which his deep sexual desires were turned into socially acceptable behavior by his writings and paintings.

Additional Information   1. Regression

• Regression is a defense mechanism proposed by Anna Freud whereby the ego reverts to an earlier stage of development usually in response to stressful situations. Regressions enable a person to psychologically go back in time to a period when the person felt safer.
• Example: When a person is troubled, he behaves most often childish or primitively to cope with the undesirable situation.

    2. Identification: 

• also known as Introjection. Is a defense mechanism when a person not only takes on a belief or voice of another person but also begins to identify with that individual. For example, a father tells his son that women do the household work and the son keeps this thought in his mind and acts in the same manner as his father does.

Concept:

• Anorexia nervosa: it is an eating disorder occurs most often in adolescent girls.
• The problem is found as refusal of food to maintain normal body weight by reducing food intake, especially fats and carbohydrates.
• Sign and symptoms:
  • Extreme weight loss or not making expected developmental weight gains.
  • Thin appearance.
  • Abnormal blood counts.
  • Fatigue.
  • Insomnia.
  • Dizziness or fainting.
  • Bluish discoloration of the fingers.

Explanation:

• Complication in anorexia nervosa:

Osteoporosis: A condition in which bones become weak and brittle.

• The body constantly absorbs and replaces bone tissue. With osteoporosis, new bone creation doesn't keep up with old bone removal.
• Many people have no symptoms until they have a bone fracture.

Myocardial hypertrophy:

• Myocardial hypertrophy is defined as an increase in ventricular myocardial mass.
• In clinical practice and in animal studies, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) is often assessed by measurement of end-diastolic thickness of septal and LV posterior wall and may be associated with normal or dilated LV cavity.

Electrolyte imbalance:

• It occurs when you have too much or not enough of certain minerals in your body.
• This imbalance may be a sign of a problem like kidney disease.

Additional Information 

• Bulimia nervosa: Eating disorder where the person will have binge eating
• Pica: Eating disorder where the child eats non nutritive substances
• Geophagia : Eating mud
• Trichophagia : Eating hair

Concept:-

Erickson's Theory

• Erickson's theory for adolescent- Identity vs confusion.
• Erikson described eight stages of development. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis, representing a conflict between the individual and society.
• The progression to the next stage depends on the resolution of these conflicts.
• Out of eight stages,​ only five are relating to childhood.

Additional Information

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by the occurrence of unwanted, intrusive obsessive thoughts and distressing images which are usually accompanied by compulsive behaviors. Compulsive behaviors are carried out either to undo or neutralize the obsessions or to prevent the occurrence of some dreadful event.

Key Points

• Anxiety disorders are disorders that decrease the performance or social functioning of an individual due to hyper-anxiety. Anxiety disorder can be of many types such as generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, somatoform disorder, etc.
• Obsessive behavior is the inability to stop thinking about a particular idea or topic. The person involved, often finds these thoughts to be unpleasant and shameful.
• Compulsive behavior is the need to perform certain behaviors over and over again. Many compulsions deal with counting, ordering, checking, touching, and washing.  
• People affected by the obsessive-compulsive disorder are unable to control their preoccupation with specific ideas or are unable to prevent themselves from repeatedly carrying out a particular act or series of acts that affect their ability to carry out normal activities.

Thus, it is concluded that Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder.

Hint

• Somatoform disorders refer to physical problems which have no organic basis, for example, fatigue, headaches, vague body pains, etc. The persons suffering from this disease remain preoccupied with symptoms.
• Dissociative disorders describe a persistent mental state that is marked by feelings of being detached from reality, being outside of one’s own body, or experiencing memory loss.
• Adjustment disorders are a group of conditions that can occur when you have difficulty in coping with a stressful life event. Example"the death of a loved one, relationship issues, or being fired from work.