Fundamental Concepts MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Fundamental Concepts - Download Free PDF

Explanation:

Topographical Survey

• This survey aims to represent the natural and man-made features of a region, such as rivers, hills, roads, lakes, and bridges.

• It records elevations and contours, allowing creation of maps that reflect the terrain accurately.

• Used in mapping, land development, route planning, and environmental studies.

• Tools include total stations, theodolites, GPS, and drones for aerial photogrammetry.

Geodetic Survey

• Conducted over large areas, this survey accounts for the earth’s curvature and is used for establishing global and national control points.

• It helps in determining the precise shape and size of the Earth, using triangulation and satellite data.

• Utilized in creating reference frameworks for all other types of surveys.

• Instruments include GNSS receivers, satellite imagery, and high-precision theodolites.

 Additional InformationEngineering Survey

• Performed to collect data necessary for planning, designing, and executing engineering projects like highways, railways, dams, and canals.

• It involves reconnaissance, preliminary, and detailed surveys depending on project stage.

• Provides information on horizontal and vertical alignment, ground profiles, and structures.

• Key tools: levels, total stations, GPS, and surveying software like AutoCAD Civil 3D.

Cadastral Survey

• This survey deals with property boundaries, land ownership, and legal documentation for land registration and taxation.

• Produces maps showing individual plots, field boundaries, buildings, and other fixed features.

• Essential for resolving property disputes, creating land records, and issuing land titles.

• Techniques involve chain surveying, plane table, and now digital cadastral mapping using GIS.

Explanation:

• The principle of "working from whole to part" is followed in surveying to ensure that errors do not accumulate as the survey progresses.
• By first establishing a precise control framework (the "whole"), and then working within that framework for smaller details (the "parts"), the overall accuracy of the survey is maintained and localized errors do not affect the entire survey.

 Additional Information

Principle of "Working from Whole to Part":

• This principle involves first establishing a network of highly accurate control points over the entire survey area. These points serve as a reference framework.

• Once the main framework is established, detailed measurements (such as small features, internal details, and secondary points) are conducted within these control points.

• The method ensures that any small errors in detailed work remain localized and do not affect the entire survey. This prevents the accumulation of errors over large distances or areas.

• It also allows for efficient quality control because the accuracy of local measurements can always be checked against the already established high-precision framework.

Explanation:

1. Working from whole to part in surveying refers to starting with a larger, more accurate reference framework or control (such as main control points or a baseline) and then using that framework to establish smaller, more detailed measurements (like intermediate points or local features).

2. This principle ensures that any errors made during the detailed measurements can be detected and corrected by referencing the original control points, which prevents large errors from affecting the overall survey accuracy.

 Additional InformationThe principle "working from whole to part" in surveying:

1. Prevents Accumulation of Errors: By starting with a known reference point or control, the potential for errors is minimized as smaller measurements are always referenced back to the larger, more accurate control framework. This helps prevent small errors from compounding throughout the survey.

2. Establishing Control Points First: The process involves establishing primary control points (like benchmarks or base stations) with high accuracy. These serve as the foundation for the entire survey project, and subsequent measurements or detailed surveying work is built upon this control.

3. Improves Survey Accuracy: By verifying and checking measurements against larger control, surveyors can identify discrepancies and make adjustments early in the survey process. This ensures that the final measurements and data are accurate.

4. Essential in Complex Projects: In large-scale or complex surveying projects (like road construction, building projects, or mapping), this principle becomes even more critical as it ensures the integrity of the entire survey system. For example, in tunnel alignment or bridge construction, establishing the correct control early ensures all subsequent work aligns properly.

5. Systematic Approach: Working from whole to part provides a structured and systematic approach to surveying, which is essential for maintaining consistency and reducing the chances of measurement errors, especially in large, detailed projects.

Explanation:

• A horizontal plane is a plane which is perpendicular to the plumb line and also tangential to a level surface at a particular point.
• A level surface is the equipotential surface of the earth's gravity field. It is a curved surface and every element of which is normal to plumb line. A body of still water provides the best example of a level surface.
• A vertical line is a line perpendicular to the horizontal plane and a plane containing a vertical line is called vertical plane.
• Tangential plane is the plane through a point of a surface that contains the tangent lines to all the curves on the surface through the same point.

Explanation:

Based on the purpose (for which surveying is being conducted), Surveying has been classified into:

(i) Control surveying: To establish horizontal and vertical positions of control points.

(ii) Land surveying: To determine the boundaries and areas of parcels of land, also known as property survey, boundary survey or cadastral survey.

(iii) Topographic survey: To prepare a plan/ map of a region which includes natural as well as and man-made features including elevation.

(iv) Engineering survey: To collect requisite data for planning, design, and execution of engineering projects. Three broad steps are

• Reconnaissance survey: To explore site conditions and availability of infrastructures.
• Preliminary survey: To collect adequate data to prepare plan/map of the area to be used for planning and design.
• Location survey: To set out work on the ground for actual construction/execution of the project.

(iv) Route survey: To plan, design, and laying out routes such as highways, railways, canals, pipelines, and other linear projects.

(v) Construction surveys: Surveys which are required for the establishment of points, lines, grades, and for staking out engineering works (after the plans have been prepared and the structural design has been done).

(vi) Astronomic surveys : To determine the latitude, longitude (of the observation station) and azimuth (of a line through the observation station) from astronomical observation.

(vii) Mine surveys: To carry out surveying specific for opencast and underground mining purposes.

(viii) Archaeological Surveys: This is carried out to discover and map ancient/relies of antiquity.

(ix) Geological survey: Geological surveys for determining different strata in the Earth’s crust

Note:

Aerial survey:

• Can be done with any air-borne device like drone, helicopter etc.
• Not very accurate without being placed under any photogrammetry model.
• Hence, generally not preferred in surveying

Explanation:

Cadastral survey: Cadastral survey are made incident to the fixing of property lines, the calculation of land area, or the transfer of land property from one owner to another. They are also made to fix the boundaries of municipalities and of state and federal jurisdictions.

Topographical survey: This consist of horizontal and vertical location of certain points by linear and angular measurements and is made to determine the natural features of a country such as rivers, streams, lakes, woods, hills etc and such artificial features like roads, railways etc.

City survey: They are made in connection with the construction of streets, water supply systems, sewers and other works.

Topographical, cadastral and city survey are the parts of Land surveying.

Explanation:

Given Link length = \(2\frac{1}{16}\) ft

Chain has 16 Links ⇒ Total Length = 16 × \(2\frac{1}{16}\) = 33 ft

Revenue Chain:

The revenue chain is 33 ft long and consists of 16 links. 

Additional InformationThese chains are mainly used for measuring field in cadastral survey.

Concept:

Vernier Scale is used to measure the fractional part of the least division marked on the main scale.

Types of Vernier Scale

• Direct Vernier:
  • N divisions of the direct vernier = (N - 1) division of the main scale
• Retrograde Vernier:
  • N divisions of the retrograde vernier = (N + 1) division of the main scale
• Extended Vernier:
  • N divisions of the extended vernier = (2 N - 1) division of the main scale

Calculation:

N divisions of the extended vernier = (2 N - 1) division of the main scale

8 divisions of the extended vernier = (2 × 8 - 1) division of the main scale

Explanation:

Preliminary survey plans showing details of the various alternative alignments and all information collected should be normally drawn to scale of 10 cm = 1 km i.e. 1 cm = 100 m to 25 cm = 1 km.

Detailed cross-sections are generally drawn to the natural scale of 1 cm = 2.0 to 2.5 m. Cross-section should be drawn every 100 m or where there are abrupt changes in level.

Land acquisition plans and schedules are usually prepared from the survey drawings for land acquisition details. These plans show all general details such as buildings, wells, nature of gradients and other details required for assessing the values. The scale adopted maybe 1 cm = 40 m or less.

Detailed design for cross drainage and masonry structure is usually drawn to scale of 1 cm = 1 m. For details of any complicated portion of the structure enlarged scales up to 8 cm = 1 m or up to half full size may be employed. However, the size of the drawing should not exceed the standard size. Cross-sections of streams should be to a scale of not less than 1 cm = 10 m.

The sequence of survey in a project is

i. Topographic survey or map study

ii. Reconnaissance

iii. Preliminary survey

iv. Final location and detailed survey.

Concept:

An optical square is used for setting out right angles. It consist of a small circular metal box of diameter 5 cm and depth 1.25 cm. It has a metal cover which slides round the box to cover the slits.

Principle of optical square:

According to the principle of reflecting surfaces, the angle between the first incident ray and the last reflected ray is twice the angle between the mirrors. In this case, the angle between the mirrors is fixed at 45˚. So, the angle between the horizon sight and index sight will be 90˚.

Construction of Optical Square:

A horizon glass H is fixed at the bottom of the metal box. The lower half of the glass is unsilvered and the upper half is silvered.

An index glass “I” is also fixed at the bottom of the box which is completely silvered.

The angle between the index glass and horizon glass is maintained at 45˚.

The horizon glass is placed at an angle of 120˚ with the horizon sight. The index glass is placed at an angle of 105˚ with the index sight.

Explanation:

In chain surveying,

• A triangle is said to be well-conditioned if it can be plotted accurately by the intersection of arcs from the end of baseline.
• An equilateral triangle is the best well-conditioned triangle or ideal triangle possible.
• If not possible to have an equilateral triangle, it must ensure that no angle is less than 30º and greater than 120º.

Note:

Well-conditioned triangles are preferred because their apex points are very sharp and can be located by a single ‘dot’. In such a case, there is no possibility of relative displacement of the plotted point.

The various instruments used in surveying and their purpose is given below in the tabulated form:

Explanation:

1 Gunter's chain = 66 ft

1 acre = 10 × (Gunter's chain)² 

1 acre = 10 × (66 ft)²

1 acre = 43560 ft²

1 acre = 4840 sq. yard

1 sq. yard = 9. sq ft

1 Guntha = (33 ft)²

1 acre = 40 Guntha

1 acre = 40 × (33 ft)²

1 acre = 43560 sq. ft.

Explanation:

A relatively fixed point of known elevation above datum is called a benchmark.

Different types of benchmark are as follows:

A G.T.S. (Great Trigonometrical Survey) benchmark is a permanently fixed reference survey station (or point), having known elevation with respect to a standard datum (mean sea level). These are established all over India by Survey of India department with greater precision.

Permanent benchmark is intended to maintain its elevation without change over a long period of time with reference to an adopted datum, and is located where disturbing influences are believed to be negligible.

A temporary benchmark (TBM) is a fixed point with a known elevation used for level control during construction works and surveys. Nails in road seals, or marks on kerb & channel are commonly used as temporary benchmarks.