Applications of Biotechnology MCQ Quiz in বাংলা - Objective Question with Answer for Applications of Biotechnology - বিনামূল্যে ডাউনলোড করুন [PDF]

The correct answer is Statement I is true but Statement II is false

Explanation:

• GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee): It is an Indian government body responsible for assessing the environmental and public health safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their products.
  • The Indian Government has set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services.
• Biopiracy: Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.

Therefore, Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Concept:

• Gene therapy refers to a collection of methods involving genetic engineering techniques that allows correction of a gene defect by alteration or replacement.
• Correction of a gene defect involves the delivery of a normal gene that could compensate for the non-functional gene.
• This is achieved by inserting the genes into cells using retroviral vectors.

Explanation:

• The first clinical gene therapy was done in 1990 to a 4 years old girl for the treatment of ADA deficiency.
• ADA stands for adenosine deaminase, an enzyme crucial for the immune system.
• It is caused by the deletion of the gene encoding ADA.
• ADA is mostly produced in the lymphocytes and thus lymphocytes are used for gene therapy technique.
• The lymphocytes are first obtained from the patient blood and then grown in culture medium in vitro.
• A cDNA (complementary DNA) for functional ADA is introduced into the lymphocytes.
• These genetically engineered lymphocytes are then returned to the patient.
• These lymphocytes, having the functional ADA gene, produce ADA in the patient.

Hence, the correct answer is option (3): 1990.

The correct answer is option 2

Key Points

• The "Nano Mission" in India refers to the Nano Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI), which is a program aimed at promoting research and development in the field of nanotechnology.
• The Department of Science and Technology (DST) is the nodal agency responsible for implementing this initiative.Hence option 2 is correct.
• The DST, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, plays a key role in formulating and implementing policies and programs related to scientific research and technology development in India.
• The Nano Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI) falls under its purview, and it works to promote and support advancements in nanotechnology for various applications across different sectors.

The correct answer is (C) and (D) only

Explanation:

(C) GEAC is the decisive body for safety and validity of GMOs and GM research respectively: This statement is true. 

• The Indian Government has set up organisations such as
• GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services.

(D) Transgenic animals help us to understand the contribution of genes in the development of disease: This statement is true.

• Transgenic animals are genetically engineered to carry genes from other species, which allows scientists to study the effects of these genes and understand how genetic diseases develop. This can lead to the development of new treatments and therapies for various diseases.

Other Options:

(A) Milk obtained from ‘Rosie’ is nutritionally more balanced for human babies than natural human milk: This statement is incorrect.

• 'Rosie' was the first transgenic cow, and her milk was modified to contain higher levels of certain proteins, but it is not necessarily more balanced for human babies than natural human milk.

(B) Biopiracy refers to the use of bioresources without proper authorization from MNCs: This statement is incorrect.

• Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organizations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.

The correct answer is Recombinant DNA technology, PCR, and ELISA

Explanation:

• Early diagnosis and understanding its pathophysiology is very important for effective treatment of a disease.
• Using conventional methods of diagnosis (serum and urine analysis, etc.) early detection is not possible.
• Recombinant DNA technology, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA) are some of the techniques that serve the purpose of early diagnosis.

Other Options:

• Western Blot and Northern Blot: Western Blot is primarily used for protein detection and Northern Blot is for RNA analysis. They are more commonly used for confirmation rather than early diagnosis of diseases.
• Histopathology and Electron Microscopy:  Histopathology involves the examination of tissues for signs of disease, and Electron Microscopy provides detailed images of ultrastructures. Both techniques are often used for detailed analysis after disease has progressed rather than for early diagnosis.
• X-ray and MRI: X-rays and MRIs are imaging techniques used to visualize structures within the body. They are more useful for diagnosing physical abnormalities and the extent of disease progression rather than early detection at a molecular level.

The correct answer is A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Explanation: 

A. α–1 Antitrypsin (AAT) - III. Emphysema

• Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein produced in the liver that protects the lungs from damage caused by enzyme activity.
• A deficiency in AAT can lead to emphysema, a condition where the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs are damaged, causing breathlessness and other respiratory issues.

B. Cry IAb - IV. Corn borer

• Cry IAb is a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). When plants, such as corn, are genetically modified to express this gene, they produce Bt toxin, which is toxic to certain insect pests, including the European corn borer. This helps in protecting the crops from pest damage.
• The proteins encoded by the genes cryIAb controls corn borer.

C. Cry IAc - I. Cotton bollworm

• Similar to Cry IAb, Cry IAc is another Bt toxin gene. When cotton plants are genetically engineered to express the Cry IAc gene, they produce a toxin that is specifically effective against the cotton bollworm, a major pest that damages cotton crops.
• The proteins encoded by the genes cryIAc and cryIIAb control the cotton bollworms

D. Enzyme Replacement Therapy - II. ADA deficiency

• Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a medical treatment which replaces an enzyme that is deficient or absent in patients.
• One of the conditions treated by ERT is ADA deficiency (Adenosine Deaminase deficiency), which is a genetic disorder that leads to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).
• ERT provides the missing enzyme and helps to restore immune function.
• The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. This enzyme is crucial for the immune system to function. The disorder is caused due to the deletion of the gene for adenosine deaminase.

Concept:

• Biotechnology is the branch of science that employs biological agents like microorganisms to produce goods and services using engineering and scientific principles.
• Modern biotechnology is based on two techniques:

1. Chemical engineering involves the manufacturing of useful products like vaccines, antibodies, vitamins, etc. by maintaining a sterile environment.
2. Genetic engineering:
   • Genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology is a technique of biotechnology that involves the joining of DNA molecules from different species.
   • The DNA formed is called recombinant DNA.
   • This DNA is then inserted into a host cell. The genes that are formed are a set of a new combination of genes that encode proteins with desired traits. These products have economic benefits.
   • It is used to make different products like GM crops that are resistant to pests.

Important Points

• Option 1: Cotton
  • Genetically engineered cotton is available.
  • Bt Cotton is a genetically engineered cotton.
  • Bt Cotton consists of genes isolated from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis.
  • This bacteria produces a toxin that is insecticidal in  property.
  • The toxin is coded by the gene cryIAc and it is named cry gene.
  • This toxin confers cotton with insecticidal properties and helps control the population of insects such as bollworms.
• Option 2: Antibody
  • Genetically engineered antibodies are available.
  • Genetically engineered antibodies are recombinant antibodies that have improved antigen-binding specificities.
  • These antibodies have a better ability to neutralize the antigens.
• Option 3: Insulin
  • Genetically engineered insulin is available in the market.
  • The very first genetically engineered synthetic human insulin was produced in the year 1978.
  • E.coli was used to produce this insulin.
  • Humulin is the brand name under which the very first genetically engineered insulin was commercially sold.
• Option 4: Neuron
  • Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.
  • To date, there have not been any genetically engineered neurons.

So the correct answer is option 4 (Neuron).

Concept:

• Human insulin is produced as proinsulin, which is a prohormone.
• Proinsulin contains the A, B and C polypeptide chains.
• The extra C-peptide needs to be cleaved during maturation of proinsulin to insulin such that only A and B peptides remain attached to each other.
• The structure of proinsulin shows that the C-peptide is present in between the A and B peptides.
• Thus the A and B peptides need to have a linkage between them that helps in forming the active insulin.
• Mature insulin consists of 2 short peptide chains, peptide A and peptide B that are linked to each other by disulphide linkage.

Explanation:

• Option 1: Phosphodiester linkage - INCORRECT
  • This type of linkage is found between the 3'-OH group one nucleotide and the 5'-phosphate group of another nucleotide.
  • These bonds help in the formation of polynucleotides.
  • It is not present in insulin, which is a protein.
• Option 2: Disulphide linkage - CORRECT
  • It is found to be present between the A peptide and B peptide of insulin.
• Option 3: Glycosidic linkage - INCORRECT
  • These bonds join carbohydrate molecules to other groups.
  • They also help in forming disaccharides or polysaccharides.
  • As insulin does not contain any carbohydrate molecule, glycosidic linkage is also absent.
• Option 4: Hydrogen bonds - INCORRECT
  • These are common linkage types present in molecules, but it does not join the two peptide chains of mature insulin.

Hence, the correct answer is option (2).

The correct answer is Study of altered physiology of host

Explanation:

Pathophysiology is a branch of science that focuses on the study of the functional changes in the body resulting from disease processes.​

• Study of physiology of pathogen: This involves studying the physiological processes of the pathogens themselves (e.g., bacteria, viruses), not the host organism. This is not the focus of pathophysiology.
• Study of normal physiology of host: This refers to the study of the normal functioning of the body systems in a healthy state, which is the focus of the field of physiology, not pathophysiology.
• Study of altered physiology of host: This is the correct answer. Pathophysiology specifically focuses on how disease alters the normal physiological processes in the host organism.

The correct answer is option 3

Key Points

• Anjarle is the coastal village in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra that has gained prominence in the country for its sea turtle conservation project.
• The village is known for its efforts to protect and conserve sea turtles, particularly Olive Ridley turtles, which nest on the beaches of Anjarle.
• The local community, along with conservation organizations, has been working to ensure the safety of sea turtle nests and hatchlings, as well as raising awareness about the importance of these conservation efforts.
• The village's dedication to sea turtle conservation has led to its recognition and prominence in the field of wildlife conservation in India.