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Home / IAS Preparation / Schools of Buddhism

Schools of Buddhism: A Deep Dive into the Many Paths to Enlightenment

Last Updated on Jan 06, 2024
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The Schools of Buddhism, with their rich history and diverse interpretations, provide numerous gateways for spiritual seekers to experience the teachings of Buddha. The quintessential teaching in Buddhism is that suffering is an inherent part of life, but it can be overcome by following a path of mental and moral development. 

Understanding the Schools of Buddhism is of immense relevance to UPSC aspirants. The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) frequently asks questions about ancient Indian philosophies, including Buddhism, in its Civil Services Examination (CSE). Hence, a comprehensive understanding of the 'Schools of Buddhism,' their origin, and key principles can significantly enhance an aspirant's preparation.

This article delves into the varied and fascinating world of the 'Schools of Buddhism', providing a detailed exploration of their origins, key principles, and unique characteristics.

Learn more about the Buddhist Councils!

About Schools of Buddhism

The schools of Buddhism are the various institutional and doctrinal divisions of Buddhism that have existed from ancient times up to the present. The classification and nature of various doctrinal, philosophical, or cultural facets of the schools of Buddhism is vague. It has been interpreted in many different ways, often due to the sheer number (perhaps thousands) of different sects, subsects, movements, etc., that have made up or currently make up the whole of Buddhist traditions. 

Origin of Schools of Buddhism

The origin of the various Schools of Buddhism lies in the rich historical narrative that succeeded the passing of Gautama Buddha around 483 BCE. This section, focusing on the 'Origin of Schools of Buddhism,' would enlighten us about the circumstances that led to the formation of these diverse traditions. The major schools of Buddhism are as follows:

  • Theravada Buddhism
  • Mahayana Buddhism
  • Vajrayana Buddhism

Learn more about the difference between hinayana and mahayana!

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Three Major Schools of Buddhism

While there are many different schools of Buddhism, the three most widely recognized are Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana.

Theravada Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism is the oldest and most conservative school of Buddhism. It is also known as "The Way of the Elders" or "The Ancient Teaching." Theravada Buddhism is based on the teachings of the Buddha as recorded in the Pali Canon. Theravada Buddhists believe that the goal of Buddhism is to achieve arhatship. This means liberation from the cycle of rebirth (samsara).

Mahayana Buddhism

Mahayana Buddhism is the most widely practiced school of Buddhism. It is also known as "The Great Vehicle." Mahayana Buddhism is based on the teachings of the Buddha as well as on a later body of Mahayana sutras. Mahayana Buddhists believe that the goal of Buddhism is to achieve Buddhahood. It means to attain the state of complete enlightenment.

Vajrayana Buddhism

Vajrayana Buddhism is the most esoteric school of Buddhism. It is also known as "The Diamond Way" or "The Secret Mantra Tradition." Vajrayana Buddhism is based on the teachings of the Buddha as well as on a later body of Vajrayana tantras. Vajrayana Buddhists believe that the goal of Buddhism is to achieve Buddhahood as quickly as possible. This is through the use of powerful mantras and rituals.

Learn more about the difference between Jainism and buddhism!

Other Schools of Buddhism

In addition to the three major schools of Buddhism, there are many other schools that have emerged over the centuries. These schools include:

  • Nichiren Buddhism - This Japanese school of Buddhism is based on the teachings of Nichiren Daishonin (1222-1282). Nichiren Buddhism emphasizes the Nam-myoho-renge-kyo chant as the path to enlightenment. 
  • Pure Land Buddhism - This Japanese school of Buddhism is based on the teachings of Shinran (1173-1262). Pure Land Buddhism emphasizes the saving power of Amitabha Buddha. He is said to preside over a Pure Land (Sukhavati) where all beings can be reborn and achieve enlightenment. 
  • Tibetan Buddhism - This school of Buddhism is practiced in Tibet, Mongolia, and other parts of the Himalayas. Tibetan Buddhism is a synthesis of Indian Mahayana Buddhism and Vajrayana Buddhism. 
  • Zen Buddhism - This school of Buddhism is based on the teachings of Chan Buddhism in China. This was later transmitted to Japan as Zen. Zen Buddhism emphasizes meditation and the attainment of satori (sudden enlightenment). 

Learn more about Buddhist Literature!

Difference Between Mahayana, Hinayana & Vajrayana Buddhism

The key differences between Mahayana, Hinayana and Vajrayana Buddhism are given in the table below.

Mahayana

Hinayana (Theravada)

Vajrayana

Regards Gautama Buddha as a heavenly entity who assists disciples in attaining nirvana.

Regards Gautama Buddha as a common man who attained Nirvana.

The Buddha is not regarded as a person; rather, he is a mirror to our own thinking. Tara is the primary deity (a female figure).

Allows practitioners to remain in the cycle of samsara out of compassion for others.

Focuses on individual redemption through self-discipline and meditation to attain the status of an Arhat, who has no further rebirths.

Emphasizes Tantra, Mantra, and Yantra as expedient means to liberation, involving various tantric rituals.

Believes in idol worship of Buddha and Bodhisattvas, considering them as embodiments of Buddha Nature.

Rejects idol worship and emphasizes personal spiritual upliftment.

Holds Tantra as a superior vehicle to attain liberation, utilizing tantric rituals for faster progress.

Gave rise to the concept of Bodhisattva, who postpones attaining nirvana to help others.

Focuses on individual liberation and the attainment of Arhatship.

Incorporates the practice of deity yoga and the belief in spiritual masters as the key to realization.

Found in China, (South) Korea, Japan, and Tibet.

Practiced in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos.

Popular in Tibet, Bhutan, and the Himalayan region.

Sanskrit was used to write Mahayana Buddhist scriptures.

Hinayana Buddhist scriptures were authored in Pali.

Sanskrit was used to write Vajrayana Buddhist scriptures.

Nalanda was a prominent Mahayana Buddhist center.

Hinayana Buddhism was centered in Nalanda and Vallabhi.

Vikramasila was a significant Vajrayana Buddhist center.

Mahayana faith had a patron in Emperor Kanishka.

Ashoka supported the Hinayana sect.

The Pala dynasty supported the Vajrayana sect.

Mahayana Buddhism believes in the existence of various realms and celestial beings.

Emphasizes the Four Noble Truths, dependent origination, and the Eightfold Path.

Vajrayana incorporates esoteric practices, visualizations, and deity yoga for attaining enlightenment.

Mahayana texts include the Lotus Sutra, Heart Sutra, and Avatamsaka Sutra.

Hinayana texts include the Tripitaka (Pali Canon) and Abhidhamma Pitaka.

Vajrayana texts include tantras, such as the Guhyasamaja Tantra and Kalachakra Tantra.

Mahayana places importance on compassion and the liberation of all sentient beings.

Hinayana emphasizes individual liberation from suffering.

Vajrayana focuses on the attainment of enlightenment in this lifetime and views all phenomena as manifestations of ultimate reality.

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Schools of Buddhism FAQs

The key differences between the two schools revolve around their interpretation of Buddha's teachings, the ideal path to enlightenment, and the role of the monastic community. While Theravada emphasizes personal liberation through individual effort and meditation, Mahayana focuses on the universal salvation of all sentient beings.

Zen Buddhism, a sub-school of Mahayana Buddhism, uniquely emphasizes meditation (Zazen) and the direct understanding of Buddha-nature. Zen practice encourages direct, experiential realization through meditation and mindfulness during everyday activities.

In Pure Land Buddhism, practitioners recite the name of the Buddha Amitabha with sincere devotion, aspiring to be reborn in his Pure Land, a realm where attaining enlightenment is easier.

Although the terms are often used interchangeably, Tibetan Buddhism is technically a form of Vajrayana Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism incorporates Vajrayana practices along with influences from Indian Mahayana Buddhism and native Bon religion.

For UPSC aspirants, understanding Schools of Buddhism is critical as Buddhism is a significant part of Indian history, culture, and philosophy. The Civil Services Examination (CSE) often includes questions about ancient Indian philosophies, including Buddhism.
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