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Home / IAS Preparation / Operation Maitri

Operation Maitri: Overview, Multi Phases, Indo-Nepal Relations UPSC Notes

Last Updated on May 23, 2025
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On April 25, 2015, a powerful earthquake of magnitude 7.8 struck Nepal. It caused widespread destruction and killed more than 9,000 people. Roads, hospitals, and historic monuments were reduced to rubble. Thousands were injured. Millions lost their homes. In response, India launched Operation Maitri on April 26, 2015. It was a large-scale rescue and relief mission led by the Indian government. The Indian Army, Air Force, NDRF, and other agencies took part. India sent aircraft, helicopters, doctors, medicines, food, and tents. Over 43,000 Indians were safely evacuated from Nepal. The operation also helped many Nepalese citizens and foreigners.

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What is Operation Maitri?

Operation Maitri is a rescue and relief mission. It was launched by the Indian government in April 2015. It aimed to help Nepal after the earthquake. The word ‘Maitri’ means friendship. This name shows the friendly ties between India and Nepal.

The earthquake struck on April 25, 2015. Its magnitude was 7.8 on the Richter scale. It was one of the worst quakes in the region. Thousands of people lost their lives. Lakhs were left homeless. Nepal’s infrastructure was badly damaged.

India quickly responded to this disaster. Within hours, India launched Operation Maitri. The Indian Air Force and Army were deployed. Relief teams and medical help were sent immediately. This operation showed India's quick action and large-scale support.

Read an article on the topic National Disaster Response Force, for upsc preparation!

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Operation Maitri Details

Operation Maitri was led by the Indian Armed Forces. It was one of the largest rescue missions ever done by India. The operation had many parts. It included search and rescue, medical aid, and transport support.

Here are some factual details:

Aspect

Details

Operation Name

Operation Maitri

Launch Date

April 26, 2015

Initiated By

Government of India

Reason for Launch

7.8 magnitude earthquake in Nepal on April 25, 2015

Death Toll in Nepal

Over 9,000

Injured in Nepal

Over 23,000

Agencies Involved

Indian Armed Forces, NDRF, MEA, Indian Railways

Initial Response Time

Within 6 hours

First Aircraft Type

C-130J Super Hercules

Total IAF Sorties

Over 500

Relief Material Supplied

Over 1,700 tonnes

Indians Evacuated

Over 43,000

Foreign Nationals Evacuated

From 15+ countries including USA, UK, Russia

Number of Medical Camps

13 medical relief camps

Helicopters Deployed

Mi-17 and Advanced Light Helicopters

Phase 1

Search and Rescue

Phase 2

Medical Aid and Food Distribution

Phase 3

Evacuation and Repatriation

Phase 4

Infrastructure Assistance and Long-Term Support

Significance for UPSC

GS Paper II (IR), GS Paper III (Disaster Management), Essay, Interview

Check out article on  Disaster Management Act, 2005, for upsc preparation!

Operation Maitri India Response

India's response to Nepal’s crisis was immediate. The Prime Minister held high-level meetings. Relief flights started within six hours. The Indian Air Force used C-130 and C-17 aircraft. These aircraft carried food, tents, and medical supplies.

Indian Army units from Eastern Command were moved. They helped in debris removal and treatment of injured people. NDRF (National Disaster Response Force) teams also joined. They rescued people trapped under debris.

The Indian Railways provided logistics support. Mobile hospitals were set up. Medical teams performed surgeries and trauma care. Operation Maitri showed India’s strong readiness for disasters. It also showed India's support for neighbors in tough times.

Operation Maitri Multi-Phase, Multi-Agency Operation

Operation Maitri had many phases. It was not a one-time effort. It had quick response, mid-term support, and long-term aid. The mission involved many Indian agencies.

Phase

Activities Performed

Key Agencies Involved

Phase 1Immediate Response

- Quick deployment of rescue teams- Airlifting of supplies- Setting up control rooms

- Indian Air Force (IAF)- Indian Army- Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)

Phase 2Search & Rescue

- Clearing debris- Rescuing trapped persons- Reaching remote areas via helicopters

- National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)- Indian Army- Gorkha Regiment Ex-Servicemen

Phase 3Medical & Food Relief

- Setting up medical camps- Providing trauma care and surgeries- Distributing food, water, medicines

- Army Medical Corps- Civil Hospitals- IAF Medical Teams

Phase 4Evacuation

- Evacuating over 43,000 Indians and foreign nationals- Road and air evacuation- Providing shelter and transport at border

- Indian Railways- MEA- State Disaster Response Units

Phase 5Infrastructure & Long-Term Support

- Rebuilding roads and communication- Clearing landslides- Providing generators and satellite phones

- Indian Army Engineers- Border Roads Organisation (BRO)- MEA

Logistics Support

- Transport of supplies via land, air, and sea- Use of strategic locations like Kamarajar Port UPSC

- Indian Navy- Shipping Ministry- Airport and Port Authorities

Check out article on Earthquake, for upsc preparation!

Key Operational Highlights

Here are some highlights of Operation Maitri:

  • Over 43 aircraft sorties were conducted in 3 days.
  • More than 50 tons of food and medicine were delivered.
  • Mi-17 helicopters were used for remote villages.
  • Indian telecom firms helped in restoring networks.
  • Engineers helped in restoring roads and bridges.
  • Nepal praised India’s help in international media.

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Operation Maitri Indo-Nepal Relations

India and Nepal share deep cultural and historical ties. They also share borders and open migration policies. Operation Maitri improved these ties. It showed India's role as Nepal’s first responder.

Nepal’s government and public praised India’s help. India’s support created goodwill. It improved diplomatic relations between the two countries. Nepal thanked India in official statements. Leaders from both nations expressed friendship and support.

UPSC aspirants should connect Operation Maitri to India’s Neighborhood First policy. This is a key part of India’s foreign policy.

Also read: Classification of Soil in India for UPSC here!

Operation Maitri Humanitarian Diplomacy

Operation Maitri is a clear example of humanitarian diplomacy. India helped without any conditions. The mission focused only on saving lives and helping people.

Humanitarian diplomacy means helping other countries during crises. It is done to build goodwill and show global responsibility. India’s soft power increased due to Operation Maitri.

Other countries also took note. India’s action was praised by the United Nations. It showed that India can lead in South Asia. For UPSC Mains, this point is useful in essays and International Relations.

Check out NCERT notes on Endogenic Processes!

Key Takeaways for UPSC Aspirants

 
  • Operation Maitri was India’s swift humanitarian and disaster relief operation conducted in Nepal after the 2015 earthquake.
  • The Indian Army and Air Force played a critical role in evacuations, rescue missions, and supply distribution.
  • The operation reflected India’s neighborhood-first policy and strategic humanitarian outreach.
  • It showcased India’s capability for rapid disaster response, logistics, and civil-military coordination.
  • Over 5,000 Indians and 170 foreign nationals were rescued, highlighting India’s role as a responsible regional power.
  • It emphasized the importance of soft power in India’s foreign policy.
  • The operation involved MEA, NDRF, defense services, and state governments—exemplifying inter-agency coordination.
  • Operation Maitri is a relevant example of India's Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) framework for GS2/GS3 answers.

Conclusion

Operation Maitri was not just a relief mission. It was a symbol of India's friendship with Nepal. It showed India’s power to help and lead. It combined military, civil, and diplomatic efforts. It boosted India's global image.

Make sure to include Operation Maitri UPSC insights in your answers. Use facts, examples, and analysis to score better. Understanding such missions will help you in GS Papers, Essay, and Interview. Let us aim to serve the nation with knowledge and empathy, just like Operation Maitri served Nepal.

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Operation Maitri UPSC FAQs

Over 43,000 Indian nationals and many foreign citizens were safely evacuated from Nepal.

Kamarajar Port UPSC played a role in transporting relief materials quickly to support air and road logistics to Nepal.

Indian Army, Air Force, NDRF, MEA, Indian Railways, and BRO were key participants in the operation.

India launched the operation within 6 hours of the earthquake on April 25, 2015.

India sent food, water, medicines, tents, medical teams, helicopters, and rescue tools.

No, it also included medical aid, infrastructure repair, and humanitarian diplomacy efforts for long-term support.

It shows multi-agency coordination, quick response time, and India’s leadership in humanitarian aid to neighboring countries.

Operation Maitri is a humanitarian relief and rescue mission launched by India on April 26, 2015, to help earthquake-hit Nepal.

It is relevant to GS Paper II (India's Neighborhood Relations) and GS Paper III (Disaster Management). It shows India's foreign policy and soft power.
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