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Home / IAS Preparation / Mughal Maratha Relations

Mughal Maratha Relations: Different Phases Of Mughal Maratha Relations and Role Of Aurangzeb!

Last Updated on Nov 28, 2023
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The Mughal-Maratha relations were strained. The Marathas played a key part in the history of the Deccan from the 16th century until the 18th century. They were engaged in a struggle with the Deccan kingdoms to establish an autonomous principality. Due to the Mughals annexing a sizable part of Deccan by the second half of the 17th century, Mughal Maratha relations began to strain. The Maratha Empire and the Mughal Empire engaged in battles in western India from 1680 to 1707, known as the Mughal-Maratha Wars.

In this article, we will explore the Mughal Maratha Relations. This forms a major part of the UPSC IAS exam, and questions related to this topic are seen in Prelims, Mains GS Paper I, as well as in UPSC History Optional. This topic is equally important for the UGC NET History exam, as 5-6 questions are asked every year from the political history of India.

Phases Of Mughal Maratha Relations

Four stages can be used to study Mughal Maratha relations. Let's examine them.

First Phase (1615-1664): Relation of Marathas with Mughal Rulers

The Mughals understood the significance of Mughal Maratha relations in Deccan politics. 

  • In 1615, Jahangir convinced some Maratha chieftains to join his cause. The Mughals beat the combined Deccani armies as a result (1616). 
  • As early as 1629, Shah Jahan tried to influence the Mughal Maratha relations. Shivaji's father, Shahji, joined the Mughals at the time, but he eventually defected and plotted against them. 
  • Even Aurangzeb appears to have followed his father's course of action. Aurangzeb's ambition for a Bijapur-Mughal alliance against Shivaji proved to be a nightmare. 
  • Early attempts by Aurangzeb to join forces with Shivaji in 1657 were unsuccessful. This was because Shivaji insisted on Dabhol and the Adil Shahi Konkan. Soon after switching to Bijapur, Shivaji invaded the Mughal Deccan. 
  • The end of Aurangzeb's reign and the fight for power gave Shivaji full reign to do what he pleased. He soon had Mahuli, Bhivandi, and Kalyan under his control.
  • On April 5, 1663, in Poona, Shivaji ambushed Shaista Khan in the middle of the Mughal camp during the night. This came as an utter shock to everyone. This attack dealt the Mughals their final blow in terms of prestige. 
  • The Marathas then took Surat for the first time (6–10 January 1664) after that. This gave Mughal Maratha relations new dimensions.

Read About Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817 -1818) Here!

Second Phase (1664-1667): Mughal Maratha Relations in the 17th Century

Shivaji's growing threat caused the Mughals to reevaluate the entire situation. As Viceroy of Deccan, Mirza Raja Jai Singh was now appointed by Aurangzeb. In contrast to the Mughal philosophy of careful expansion, Jai Singh devised a master plan for the complete conquest of Deccan.

  • From the beginning of his campaign in the Deccan, Jai Singh put steady pressure on Shivaji. At Purandar, he was successful in defeating Shivaji (1665).
  • Now, Jai Singh suggested Mughal Maratha relations. Shivaji gave up 12 other forts, including Rajgarh, and 23 of the 35 forts in the Nizam Shahi domain using the ensuing Treaty of Purandar (1665). The loss was to be made up at Balaghat and Biiapuri Talkonkan. Also, Shivaji's son joined the Mughal army as a 5000 zat mansabdar.
  • This was a wonderful fit for Jai Singh's plan to keep Shivaji from the delicate Mughal boundary. The seeds of conflict between Shivaji and the rulers of Bijapur were also sowed simultaneously.
  • Following the Bijapur-Golconda alliance, Jai Singh asked Shivaji to visit Aurangzeb in Agra. Nonetheless, Shivaji was imprisoned at Agra due to the alleged insult he received from the Mughal court.
  • Aurangzeb's unwillingness severely derailed Jai Singh's scheme and Shivaji's captivity in Agra.
  • At this juncture, according to Jai Singh, the only way to stop disputes among the Mughal nobility in the Deccan was for the Emperor to be present there. But, Jai Singh's strategy failed when Shivaji fled Agra in 1666. Prince Muazzam took over as the Mughal Viceroy of the Deccan in May 1667, and Jai Singh was requested to go to Kabul. This gave Mughal Maratha relations a new dimension.

Read Here About the Battle of Surat With Testbook!

Third Phase (1667-1680)

After leaving Agra, Shivaji had no immediate inclination to fight the Mughals. Instead, he looked for amicable interactions.

  • Sambhaji, the son of Shivaji, received a mansab of 5000 zat from Prince Muazzam, who also performed a jagir in Berar.
  • The friendship between his son and Shivaji frightened Aurangzeb, who anticipated a rebellion. The Purandar Treaty gave many forts to the Mughals, but Shivaji attacked them all (1665). Prince Muazzam and Diler Khan began to argue in the interim. Shivaji preyed on the circumstance and ousted Surat once more. The Marathas captured many significant forts. This gave Mughal Maratha relations a new dimension.
  • The Mughal court was alarmed by the Maratha victories. Bahadur Khan was left alone with a depleted contingent. The Afghan disturbances in the northwest caused Aurangzeb to retreat from the Deccan.
  • Shivaji made the most of the circumstances. On June 6, 1674, he declared himself king. In July of that same year, Bahadur Khan's camp was looted. Early in 1675, a plan for Mughal Maratha relations also failed to succeed.
  • But, Shivaji eventually betrayed his word and refused to give the Golconda ruler Jinji and other territories. As a result, there was a schism between the two, and the ruler of Golconda stopped giving Shivaji his yearly salary. The ruler of Bijapur was also enraged by Shivaji's effort to bribe his way into the fort at Bijapur.
  • Yet, the Maratha court had a schism over the succession issue. Rajaram, Shivaji's younger son, received the Des and Konkan as gifts. This gave Mughal Maratha relations new dimensions.
  • Diler Khan attempted to profit from the predicament by offering Sambhaji his help in rescuing Des. In exchange, he asked for his friendship. Sambhaji accepted the proposition, and the Mughals gave him a mansab of 7000. Finally, Aurangzeb adopted an aggressive conquest strategy.

Also Read In Detail About First Anglo Maratha War (1775 - 1782).

Forth Phase (1680-1707): Mughal and Maratha Relation During Aurangzeb’s Reign

About the history of the Deccan, the year 1680 is crucial. Shivaji passed away on March 23 of this year, and Aurangzeb also decided to travel there to handle the affairs in the Deccan. The Mughals now began a campaign of absolute conquest.

  • The Marathas had a challenging time in the decades that shortly followed. The dispute over Shivaji's kingdom's split among his sons allowed the Maratha nobility to make their voices heard. Instead of acknowledging Sambhaji as king, the Maratha lords proclaimed Rajaram in charge. Sambhaji responded swiftly and imprisoned Annaji Datto and Rajaram. This gave Mughal Maratha relations new dimensions.
  • Sambhaji began a campaign of repression as soon as he learned about the situation. All of Shivaji's supporters were forced to endure his fury. Instead of making things right, Sambhaji became increasingly intoxicated and indulgent. Sambhaji's actions also led to widespread defections in the Maratha camp, which had sided with the Mughals. In light of these conditions, Sambhaji was detained by the Mughals (February, 1689) before being put to death (March 11, 1689).
  • The execution of Sambhaji (1689) gave Mughal Maratha relations new dimensions. Following their victories, the Mughals encountered fierce resistance from the locals. Rajaram, who had fled to Pratapgarh, led the Marathas in a quick rally.
  • But, Mughal pressure compelled him to flee to Panhala, where the Marathas fought back against the Mughals. Rajaram was forced to leave Jinji. Around 1700, Satara and then Sinhaged were conquered by the Mughals. Despite these victories, the Mughals could not conquer Rajaram or weaken Maratha supremacy. The conflict in Mughal Maratha relations went on unabatedly. They swiftly reclaimed the lost areas.
  • The Mughal army endured extreme hardships and suffering and lost all their conquests. This greatly destroyed the Mughal army's morale, which was already exhausted and broken-looking. 
  • By this point, Aurangzeb had understood the pointlessness of such a protracted battle. He turned away towards Ahmadabad. Yet he passed away in 1707. Thus he was unable to install a conciliation strategy.

Also Read Deccan Kingdoms Art And Architecture Here!

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Important Maratha-Mughal Wars!

The table below gives the list of important wars between Mughals and Marathas.

War

Year

Battle of Chakan

1660

Battle of Umberkhind

1661

Battle of Surat

1664

Battle of Purandar

1665

Battle of Sinhagad

1670

Battle of Salher

1672

Battle of Sangamner

1679

Battle of Bhupalgarh

1679

Conclusion

Aurangzeb failed because of his "inability to understand the essence of the Maratha movement." His error was to view Shivaji as only a bhumia. The local landed elite backed the Marathas and gave them a large following. His attempt to impose Mughal administrative procedures threw the local elements into disorder. The peasantry was suppressed. It was nearly impossible for the Mughal mansabdars to get what they were owed from the Deccani jagirs. The execution of Sambhaji was much more foolish. The plan by Aurangzeb to formalise the Mughal Maratha relations was unsuccessful. Under his captivity, he could not order Shahu to do anything or repress the Marathas.

Testbook provides a set of comprehensive notes for different competitive exams. Testbook is always on the list because of its best quality assured products like live tests, mocks, Content pages, G.K. and current affairs videos, and much more. To study more topics for UPSC and UGC NET, download the Testbook App now!

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Mughal Maratha Relations FAQs

There was an ongoing conflict between the Mughals and Marathas over the land each claimed in the name of their respective religions.

The Mughals did not annex the Maratha state. Towards the end of 1706, Marathas invaded Gujarat and retook control of all forts before being lost to the Mughals. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb retires to Ahmadnagar.

The Maratha Empire under Shivaji and the Mughal Empire under Kartalab Khan engaged in combat at the Battle of Umberkhind. The Marathas decisively crushed the Mughal soldiers

The Maratha Empire and the Mughal Empire engaged in battles in western India from 1680 to 1707, known as the Mughal-Maratha Wars.

Emperor Aurangzeb passed away in 1707 after nearly 30 years of conflict. With his passing and the Mughals' waning strength, the Maratha Empire was able to win the war against the great Mughal Empire.
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