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Home / IAS Preparation / List of Officers of Mughal Empire

List of Officers of Mughal Empire - UPSC Notes!

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The Mughal Empire was a powerful and influential dynasty that ruled much of the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th century to the mid-19th century. During this time, the Mughal Emperors had a number of important officers who helped them govern their vast empire.

These officers were responsible for various duties, such as collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, managing the army, and overseeing the administration of the empire. They were appointed based on their skills, knowledge, and loyalty to the Emperor.

In this article, we will explore the List of Officers of Mughal Empire. This forms a major part of the UPSC IAS exam, and questions related to this topic are seen in Prelims, UPSC Mains Paper I.

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Mughal Administration

The Mughal administration was a well-organized system that helped the empire run smoothly. The emperor, known as the Mughal ruler, was the supreme authority and made all the important decisions.

The empire was divided into provinces called "subahs," each headed by a governor known as a "subahdar." The subahdar was responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and overseeing the overall administration of the region.

The administration of mughal empire had a complex bureaucracy with various officials. The "diwan" was in charge of revenue collection and financial matters, while the "mir bakshi" handled the military and defense. The "sadras" dealt with justice and legal affairs, ensuring fair treatment for all citizens.

The empire employed a system of land revenue known as the "zabt." Under this system, local administrators were responsible for assessing and collecting taxes from the farmers based on the productivity of the land. This revenue helped fund the empire's expenses, such as maintaining the army and infrastructure.

The Mughal administration also emphasized cultural and artistic endeavors. The emperor patronized artists, poets, and scholars, encouraging the growth of architecture, literature, and fine arts. This cultural focus added to the grandeur and richness of the Mughal Empire.

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Various Departments of Mughal Empire 

The Mughal Empire had a complex administrative system with various departments responsible for different aspects of governance. These departments were responsible for the Emperor's private and public treasury, ranking officials and military commanders, protecting and expanding the empire, overseeing religious affairs, maintaining court etiquette, caring for the royal family, transporting messages and goods, and maintaining the security of the empire.

Department

Description

Diwan-i-Khas

The department of the emperor's private treasury and audience

Diwan-i-Am

The department of the emperor's public treasury and audience

Mansabdari system

A system of ranking officials and military commanders based on their level of responsibility

Mughal Army

The military department responsible for the protection and expansion of the empire

Zamindari System

A land revenue system where the state collected taxes directly from landowners

Sadr-i-Jahan

The department of religious affairs, responsible for appointing judges and overseeing religious endowments

Mughal Court

The department of the emperor's personal court, responsible for maintaining court etiquette and protocol

Mughal Harem

The department of the emperor's household, responsible for the care of the royal family and concubines

Mughal Postal Service

The department responsible for the transportation of messages and goods throughout the empire

Mughal Intelligence

The department responsible for gathering intelligence and maintaining the security of the empire

List of Officers of Mughal Empire at Central Level

The Mughal Empire, one of the most powerful and influential empires in the Indian subcontinent, was established in 1526 by Babur, a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan. The Mughal Empire reached its zenith during the reign of Emperor Akbar, who implemented a number of administrative, economic, and cultural reforms.

At the central level, the Mughal Empire was governed by a number of officers who held important administrative and military positions. Here is a list of some of the key officers of the Mughal Empire at the central level, along with a brief description of their roles and responsibilities:

Department

Description

Emperor

Head of the Empire, responsible for all major decisions related to administration, military campaigns, and diplomacy

Wazir

Chief Minister, responsible for the overall administration of the Empire, including revenue collection, justice, and defense

Mir Bakshi

Chief Military Officer, responsible for recruitment and organization of troops, as well as ensuring their pay and provisions

Diwan-i-Kul

Finance Minister, responsible for managing the Empire's finances, including revenue collection, taxation, and expenditure

Sadr-us-Sudur

Head of Religious Affairs, responsible for overseeing the administration of mosques, shrines, and other religious institutions

Kotwal

Chief of Police, responsible for maintaining law and order in the Empire's cities

Qazi

Chief Justice, responsible for interpreting and enforcing Islamic law

Mir Jumla

Chief Diplomat, responsible for negotiating treaties and alliances with other kingdoms and empires

Mir Saman

Chamberlain, responsible for managing the Emperor's household and personal affairs

Muhtasib

Inspector General, responsible for ensuring the quality and safety of food, goods, and services sold in the Empire's markets


These officers formed the backbone of the Mughal Empire's centralized administration, and played a key role in the Empire's success and longevity.

Read about the First Battle of Panipat with this linked article!

List of Officers of Mughal Empire at Province Level 

During the Mughal Empire, the provinces were governed by several officers who held important positions in the administrative hierarchy. This system of governance helped the Mughal Empire maintain stability and control over a vast territory for several centuries.

Officers

Responsibilities 

Diwan

Responsible for revenue administration

Bakshi

Responsible for organizing the army in the province

Sadr

Responsible for managing judicial affairs

Sipahsalar

Representative of the Emperor with civil & military authority; responsible for carrying out royal orders


Read about the Zamindari System in India with this linked article!

List of Officers of Mughal Empire at District Level 

The Mughal Empire, which existed in the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th century to the mid-19th century, was a vast and complex administrative entity with a hierarchical system of governance. 

This system of governance helped the Mughal Empire maintain stability and control over a vast territory for several centuries.

Officers

Responsibilities

Qanungo

Maintaining land records and conducting surveys

Amin

Collecting land revenue and maintaining revenue records

Chaudhary

Maintaining law and order and resolving disputes

Kotwal

Maintaining law and order and overseeing local police

Qazi/Qadhi

Presiding over the judicial affairs and dispensing justice

Mufti

Providing legal opinions on Islamic law and customs


Read about Delhi Sultanate with this linked article!

List of Officers of Mughal Empire at Pargana Level 

The Mughal Empire, which spanned much of the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th century to the mid-19th century, was one of the most powerful and culturally rich empires in world history.

These officers played an important role in maintaining the stability and functioning of the Mughal Empire at the local level.

Designation

Responsibilities

Faujdar

Military commander

Qazi

Legal authority

Kotwal

Police Chief

Amir-i-Shikar

Chief of Hunting

Amil

Revenue collector

Patwari

Village accountant

Chowdhury

Headman of a group of villages

Qanungo

Record keeper and land measurer


Read about Mughal Architecture for UPSC Examination here! 

List of Officers of Mughal Empire at Village Level 

At the village level in the Mughal Empire, various officers were responsible for ensuring the smooth functioning of the village and serving the needs of its residents. 

These officers played a vital role in ensuring the smooth functioning of village life, and their duties were an essential part of the administration of mughal empire at the grassroots level. Their roles were crucial in maintaining the economy and social fabric of the village and played an essential role in the empire's functioning as a whole.

Designation

Responsibilities

Barber

Hairdresser and shaver

Nai

Barber

Chobdar

Water carrier

Halwai

Sweet maker

Dhobi

Washer and ironer of clothes

Lohar

Blacksmith

Kasai

Butcher

Nav-ratnas of Akbar 
  • Nav-ratnas, or the "Nine Jewels," were a group of individuals who served as advisors and ministers to Mughal Emperor Akbar. 
  • The Nav-ratnas were chosen for their expertise in their respective fields and were known for their contributions to the administration, military, finance, culture, and spiritual development of the empire. 
  • The Nav-ratnas included Birbal, a courtier who excelled in administration and diplomacy, Todar Mal, a finance expert who created the land revenue system, and Abul Fazl, a scholar who wrote the Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari. Faizi, another scholar, was renowned for his literary works and translations, while Raja Man Singh was a military leader who played a vital role in military campaigns and administration.
  • Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana was a poet and minister who made significant contributions to administration, and Fakir Aziao-Din was a spiritual leader who played a vital role in interfaith dialogue and spiritual guidance. 
  • Mian Tansen was a musician who developed Hindustani classical music, and Raja Birbal Das was a minister who was known for his administration and diplomacy skills.

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Together, the nine jewels of akbar played a vital role in shaping the Mughal Empire's functioning and development during the reign of Akbar. Their expertise and contributions have been recognized and remembered as an essential part of Indian history and culture.

Name

Field

Contribution

Birbal

Courtier

Administration and diplomacy

Todar Mal

Finance

Land revenue system

Abul Fazl

Scholar

Akbarnama, Ain-i-Akbari

Faizi

Poet and Scholar

Literary works, translations

Raja Man Singh

Military

Military campaigns and administration

Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana

Poet and Minister

Literary works, administration

Fakir Aziao-Din

Religious leader

Interfaith dialogue, spiritual guidance

Mian Tansen

Musician

Development of Hindustani classical music

Raja Birbal Das

Minister

Administration and diplomacy

Study the article Decline of Mughal Empire here.

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List of Officers of Mughal Empire FAQs

The Mughal officer in charge of finance was known as the Diwan or Mir Bakshi. He was responsible for the collection and management of revenue and taxes, as well as the distribution of salaries and pensions to government officials

The chief revenue officer of Akbar was known as the Diwan-i-Amm. He was responsible for the assessment and collection of revenue from the agricultural land, trade and commerce, and other sources. He was also responsible for the maintenance of land records and ensuring that the revenue was collected efficiently and fairly.

The Mughal officer in charge of justice was known as the Qazi-ul-Quzzat. He was responsible for the administration of justice and resolving legal disputes among the people. He presided over the Qazi courts and was assisted by a team of judges and officials.

The Mughal officer in charge of the army was known as Mir Bakshi. He was responsible for the recruitment, training, and deployment of soldiers in the Mughal army. He also oversaw the distribution of salaries and rewards to soldiers and was responsible for maintaining discipline and order within the army.

The Mughal officer in charge of intelligence and espionage was known as the Wazir-i-Itla. He was responsible for gathering information on enemy movements, conspiracies, and rebellions within the empire. He oversaw a network of spies and informants and reported directly to the emperor.

Raja Todar Mal made significant contributions to the Mughal administration by introducing standardized land measurement, implementing a new revenue system, and creating a detailed revenue record called "Ain-i-Dahsala."
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