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Home / IAS Preparation / Global Environment Outlook

Global Environment Outlook Report - Primary Goals, Sections & Key Findings of GEO Report

Last Updated on Sep 21, 2023
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The Global Environment Outlook (GEO) is an important assessment that helps us understand the state of our planet's environment. Global environment outlook published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). It gives us a comprehensive overview of the challenges we face. The GEO looks at things like ecosystems, biodiversity, pollution, and climate change. It shows us what's happening and what we need to do. 

This article explores the significance of the GEO and how it evaluates the problems we're facing. It also shows how the GEO raises awareness and inspires action to protect our environment as required for the UPSC Examination. 

The topic on GEO is important from the context of the Environment section, UPSC mains GS 3 paper and prelims GS paper 1.

What is Global Environment Outlook?

The Global Environment Outlook (GEO) is a series of periodic environmental reports released by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). The initiation of the GEO project stemmed from the environmental reporting guidelines outlined in UN Agenda 21. Additionally, prompted by a resolution made by the UNEP Governing Council in May 1995, the project was mandated to develop a new, comprehensive global assessment of the state of the environment.

Source: UNEP

Primary goals of GEO

GEO is a project governed by UNEP with two main goals.

  • It aims to assess the global environment by involving various sectors and promoting interaction.
  • The assessment process considers regional perspectives. It encourages discussions among policymakers and scientists at both regional and global levels.
  • GEO produces reports on the environment every two years.
  • These reports examine the state of the planet's environment. They identify important problems, trends, and issues.
  • The reports also explore the underlying causes, effects, and societal reactions related to environmental issues.
  • The ultimate aim is to provide guidance for the development of global environmental policies, action plans, and resource allocation.

Sections of the GEO Report

  • The study summarises the environmental situation, trends, and problems on a global and regional scale. It is divided into four sections:
    • The process of the global environmental outlook
    • Regional viewpoints
    • Policy responses and directions
    • Looking forward (covering issues on population, climate change, acidification, land use and capacity, and human health).
  • The project’s initial publication, GEO-1, published in 1997, focused on the process of global environmental assessment. In September 1999, the second GEO report (GEO-2) was released.

Check out the linked article to download the notes on the International Organization Reports for UPSC Exams now!

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Global Environment Outlook GEO-6 (2019) – Key Findings

The sixth Global Environment Outlook (GEO-6) report assesses the environment's current state. The report shows that the environment is deteriorating worldwide.

Here are the key findings of the GEO-6 report:

Major Concerns

  • The top 10 emitting nations produce 45% of the world's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The lowest 50% of nations only produce 13%.
  • Air pollution is projected to cause between 4.5 million and 7 million premature deaths annually.
  • Land degradation poses risks to human well-being.
  • Meeting the Paris Agreement target of 2 degrees Celsius could save India 54.1 trillion US dollars in healthcare costs. Meeting the 1.5-degree goal could save India 3.3 to 8.4 trillion US dollars.

Key Facts to Remember

Health Issues Due to Environmental Pollution

  • In 2015, environmental pollution caused 9 million premature deaths.
  • Most air pollution-related deaths occur in East and South Asia.
  • Exposure to ambient PM2.5 is the largest environmental risk factor for diseases worldwide.

Drinking Water and Sanitation

  • In 2015, 2.1 billion people lacked access to improved sanitation facilities.
  • 4.5 billion people lacked access to clean drinking water services.
  • Diarrheal illnesses account for 90% of child deaths.

Global Chemical Pollution

  • New compounds with characteristics similar to controlled persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are frequently used.
  • Endocrine-disrupting chemicals have negative consequences on human health and animals.

Change in Land Use and Loss of Habitat

  • Urbanization leads to changes in land use and loss of habitat.
  • Practices like burning and cattle grazing cause land pressure.
  • Commercial fishing activities affect marine ecology.

Exotic Species

  • Non-native species have a significant impact on ecosystems.
  • Examples include gypsy moths and zebra mussels.

Food Wastage

  • Approximately 33% of food is wasted globally.
  • 44% of food loss comes from poor nations, while 56% comes from industrialized nations.

Antibiotic-Resistant Infections

  • By 2050, antibiotic-resistant infections are expected to be among the leading causes of death.

Impact of Pesticides

  • Improper use of pesticides in high concentrations can have serious health effects.
  • Neurotoxins and endocrine-disrupting substances are of concern.

Increasing Population

  • The world population is predicted to peak higher than the 2018 level of 7.6 billion.

Consequences of Disasters (2004-2014)

  • In the past ten years, disasters caused approximately 1.5 trillion dollars of damage.
  • Around 1.7 billion people were affected by these calamities.
  • Earthquakes and tsunamis accounted for nearly 70% of the fatalities.

Key Takeaways for India

  • If the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius is achieved, India can save over Rs. 210 trillion in healthcare spending.
  • Women in India spend around 150 million workdays each year fetching water. This results in a significant economic loss.
  • The UJALA initiative in India is a successful demand-side management program. It is worth 0.33 billion USD annually and was recently implemented in Malaysia.

These findings highlight the urgency to address environmental challenges.

Check out the linked article to download the notes on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for UPSC Exams now!

Future of the Global Environment Outlook
  • The "Future of GEO" project was started at the fourth United Nations Environment Assembly.
  • The Steering Committee on the Future of GEO completed its task by delivering an options report to UNEA 5.2.
  • The UNEP Executive Director created an options document for the future of the Global Environment Outlook process.
  • The interim report on future possibilities for the GEO presented four proposals.
  • The document outlined criteria for evaluating these options. This included viability, continuity of processes, and implications for administrative and financial structures.
  • The final draft was submitted to the resumed session of UNEA-5 in February 2022.
  • The Steering Committee considered various aspects. This included the goals, responsibilities, and design standards of GEO.
  • They focused on establishing the administrative and implementation framework for GEO.
  • The Committee emphasized the importance of resources and cost-effective execution of GEO's objectives.
  • Relevant governance and implementation structures were encouraged to contribute to capacity building, knowledge generation, and policy support.

Check out the linked article to download the notes on the United Nations Principal Organs and its Affiliates for UPSC exams now!

UNEP GEO-7 Timeline

The GEO process has several stages: preparation, production, and review.

  • The advisory organizations, IMAG and MESAG, need to be set up first.
  • Collaborating centers and technical support units will be called upon. Authors will be nominated and confirmed.
  • Draft copies will be created during the production phase. The authors will address review comments.
  • A progress report will be presented at UNEA-6 to update Member States.
  • The Summary for Policymakers (SPM) of the GEO will be written and agreed upon.
  • The main report and SPM will be introduced and endorsed at a subsequent UNEA, possibly UNEA-7 in 2025 or 2026.

Check out the linked article to download the notes on the Paris Agreement for UPSC exams now!

Concluding Remarks

The Global Environment Outlook (GEO) reports reveal the present state of the environment with illustrations of the possible upcoming environmental trends and examine how effective the policies have been. This flagship report published by UNEP explains the way in which the world countries’ administrations can put the planet on the path to a truly sustainable future. It points out that crucial and inclusive action has to be taken up by the decision makers at all levels to accomplish a healthy planet with healthy people.

Check out the linked article to download the notes on Environment for UPSC Exams now!

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Global Environment Outlook - FAQs

The Global Environment Outlook (GEO) report is the principal environmental assessment report released by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

The top ecological body within the United Nations system is the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). In addition to assisting in the enforcement of sustainability commitments at the national, regional, and international levels, UNEP employs its skills to strengthen environmental practices.

UNEP released its first Global Environment Outlook (GEO) report in 1995.

Pollution, warming up of the planet, depletion of the ozone layer, acid rain, exhaustion of natural resources, overpopulation, waste management, deforestation, and biodiversity loss are some of the basic environmental issues.

The UNEP has published a total of six Global Environment Outlook reports so far, with the first report being released in 1995 and the latest report in 2019.
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