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Home / IAS Preparation / Dpt Vaccine

DPT Vaccines - Components, Application, Adverse effects, Guidelines And More

Last Updated on Oct 18, 2023
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DPT is one of the most common vaccine-preventable childhood diseases. DPT is given in a series of 5 shots at 2, 4, 6, 18 months of age, and 5-6 years (not older than 7 years), and The WHO recommends protecting infants and young children from diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough). The DPT vaccine was introduced in India as a routine immunization in the year 17978, then in 1995, DPT was made mandatory in the UIP program under the National Health Mission(NHM), resulting in a significant drop in incidence in the pediatric population.

This topic of ‘DPT Vaccines’ is important from the perspective of the UPSC IAS Examination, which falls under General Studies Paper 3 (Mains) and General Studies Paper 1 (Preliminary) and particularly in the Science and Technology section – Human Health and Disease. 

In this article, we shall discuss DPT vaccines and their importance, uses, composition, administration, and side effects & in more detail to boost your UPSC Exam preparation.

Know more about the Types of Vaccines!

What is DPT Vaccine?

DPT is an acronym for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, all of which are life-threatening diseases caused by bacteria. Diphtheria and pertussis are spread from person to person via the air, water, touch, coughing, sneezing, and other methods, whereas tetanus bacteria enter the body through cuts and wounds. Which often goes unnoticed and appears to be harmless but is potentially lethal. In 1978, The DPT vaccine was introduced in India as a routine immunization, resulting in a steady decline in incidence in the pediatric population.

However, as of 1998, about 65% of cases were over the age of 3 years, after which the age was amended to justify the need for two booster diphtheria vaccinations and was included under India’s flagship immunization program – “Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)“, under National Health Mission (NHM), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India.

What Are Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis?

Diphtheria causes throat coverings, breathing issues, paralysis, failure of the heart, and death. In severe cases, 5 to 10% of patients do not survive. Young children have the highest risk.

Tetanus is a bacterial infection. It causes painful tightening of muscles. The jaw locks shut, making swallowing and opening the mouth impossible. Tetanus kills 10% globally. Karnataka prevalence remains high, though India aims for eradication.

Whooping cough is a very contagious lung disease caused by bacteria. The cough is dry, so babies have trouble eating, drinking, and breathing. It can cause pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and death. In India, over 23,000 whooping cough cases were reported in 2017.

Inventor of the DPT Vaccine

In 1914, the whole-cell inactivated pertussis (wP) vaccine was invented by Charles Nicholl; then, in the 1940s, it was combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids to form DPT or DTaP in an organized form and is currently widely used in children.

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Components of DPT Vaccines

The primary three components of the vaccine include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, which kill entire cells of the bacteria that cause pertussis or pertussis antigens. Some other facts related DPT Vaccine are as follows:

There are three types of DPT vaccines – DPwT, DPaT, and Tdap.

  • DPwT contains pertussis bacteria as inactive bacteria.
  • DPaT contains only some proteins of pertussis bacteria (acellular pertussis).
  • Both vaccines are very effective, but DPAT has been reported to have fewer side effects.
  • Whereas Tdap has been shown to have a lower potency of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis protein.
  • Although it is effective in boosting immunity in adults and preventing side effects due to the minimal strength of the vaccine.

Check out the Article on Malnutrition in India here!

Application of DPT Vaccines

The DPT vaccine provides immunity against three infectious diseases:

  • Diptheria: Diptheria is a highly fatal disease characterized by the formation of a greyish membrane in the throat, leading to difficulty breathing. 
    • India accounted for a significant percentage of global cases from 1998 to 2008. Eradicating the disease remains challenging due to inadequate immunization efforts and unsanitary conditions in urban areas.
  • Pertussis (Whooping Cough): Pertussis, commonly known as whooping cough, causes severe coughing fits followed by a characteristic whooping sound during inhalation. 
    • It is highly contagious, and young children are particularly susceptible due to their developing immune systems.
  • Tetanus (Lockjaw): Tetanus affects the central nervous system, causing muscle contractions and making motor functions difficult. It can be fatal. 
    • Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus (MNT) is a variant commonly affecting newborns. Limited access to pre and post-natal services contributes to the prevalence of MNT in India.

DPT Vaccine is Given for

DPT vaccine may be given with any other vaccine. In fact, it is given along with the hepatitis B, OPV, and Hib vaccines. Currently, individual countries have included it in their UIP programs as a combination vaccine containing DPT+Hib and DPT+Hepatitis B. The DPT vaccine should be administered at the following ages:

Infant

According to UIP and NHM, the primary 3 doses of DPT are given to infants as part of the pentavalent vaccine at 6, 10, and 14-week intervals, respectively.

Children

Two other DPT booster doses are then given by injection to children between 16-24 months and 6-7 years of age.

Adult

Thereafter, Tdap is given for 10 years and thereafter every 10 years, although it is not included in the UIP NHM program.

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Adverse effects of DPT Vaccines

Like any medicine, the vaccine can also be capable of causing serious problems such as severe allergies. However, very few serious adverse effects or deaths have occurred following the use of the DTP vaccine, which are listed in the table below:

Problems

Symptoms

Common or Mid Problems
  • Soreness or tenderness at the site of injection, redness or swelling.

Other

  • Nausea (1 child out of 50 doses),
  • Tiredness or poor appetite (1 child out of 10 doses), and
  • Irritability Fussiness (1 child out of 3 doses)

These above problems generally occur 1-3 days after the injection.

Moderate Problems (Uncommon)
  • High fever, (1 child out of 16,000 doses)
  • Seizure (1 child out of 14,000 doses)
  • Non-stop crying, for few hours or more (1 child out of 1,000 doses)

Severe Problems (Very Rare)
  • Serious skin allergic reaction (1 child out of million doses)

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DPT Vaccine Schedule

Worldwide, DTaP is given as a stand-alone vaccine or as part of a combination vaccine (a type of combination vaccine that combines more than one vaccine into one shot).

National Immunization Schedule under UIP, India:

Vaccine

Schedule 

Dose

Route

Site

For Infant

Pentavalent vaccine (A combination of: DPT + Hepatitis B + Hib) Dose 1, 2 and 3-

6, 10 and 14 Weeks of infant’s age respectively.

0.5ml

Intramuscular(IM)

Anterolateral side of mid thigh-LEFT

For Children

DPT 1st Booster Dose-

DPT 2nd Booster Dose-

Between 16-24 Months.

Between 5-6 years.

0.5ml

0.5ml

Intramuscular(IM)

Intramuscular(IM)

Anterolateral side of mid thigh-LEFT

Left Upper Arm

Study the Article on Japanese Encephalitis here

General guidelines for DTP/ DTaP / Tdap/ Td Vaccines

General guidelines for DTP/ DTaP / Tdap/ Td Vaccines are as follows:

Vaccine

Description

Administration Age

DTP Or DTap
  • The DTaP vaccine is given to children to protect them from the three illnesses listed below:
  • Diphtheria
  • Tetanus
  • Pertussis
  • DTaP has fewer side effects and is a safer version of the older DTP vaccine.
  • 6 weeks to 6 years.

In India:

  • DTP is not administered to anyone over the age of seven years.
  • DPT vaccine is only licensed for children under the age of seven under the Universal Immunization Program (UIP).

Tdap
  • Tdap has a lower level of diphtheria and pertussis toxoids than DTaP.
  • Tdap can be administered to people aged 11 to 64.

Tetanus and Adult diptheria (Td) vaccine
  • The Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccine has been replaced by a Tetanus and Diphtheria (Td) combination vaccine.
  • Td is recommended every ten years after that (or sooner if you have a wound).

In India:

  • Td can be administered to anyone aged 7 and up.
  • However, it is not included under the UIP, National Health Mission (NHM)’s mandate program.

Know more about the Medical Council of India!

Conclusion

Through DPT vaccination, mortality has been declining in low-income countries with high mortality rates over the past decade, thanks to the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) recommended by the WHO and public interest programs run by UNICEF. In India, the UIP “Mission Indradhanush” run by NHM has played an important role in women and child health and is continuously involved in these welfare programs.

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Download the PDF on DPT Vaccines notes for the UPSC Exam here.

We hope all your doubts regarding “DPT Vaccines” are addressed after going through this article. Testbook provides comprehensive notes for different competitive examinations. It has always assured the quality of its products, like content pages, live tests, GK and current affairs, mocks, and so on. Ace your preparation with the Testbook App!

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DPT Vaccines - FAQs

The DPT vaccine is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in young children: diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus.

DPT vaccine should be given in a series of 5 shots at 2, 4, 6, 18 months and 5-6 years (not beyond 7 years) of children's age.

The DPT vaccine is a group of 3 combination vaccines: Including the diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus.

WHO recommends, the first 3 doses should be given at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, and another 2 booster doses between 16-24 months and 6-7 years of age, respectively.

The primary three components of the vaccine include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, which either kill entire cells of the bacteria that cause pertussis or pertussis antigens.
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