With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho and Kui’ pertain to

The correct answer is Option 4

Key Points

• Halba, Ho, and Kui are Tribal languages. Hence, Option 4 is correct.

• Ho
  • This Austro-Asiatic language is spoken by over a million people belonging to the Ho tribes mainly in the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand and Mayurbhanj and Koenjhar districts of Odisha and parts of West Bengal and Bangladesh.
  • Its important dialects are Lohara and Chaibasa- Thakurmunda.
  • It is written in the Devanagari script in Bihar and the Oriya script in Odisha.
• Halbi
  • This Indo-Aryan language is spoken in some parts of Madhya Pradesh (Bastar district), Maharashtra, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh.
  • Dialects: Adkuri, Bastari, Chandari, Gachikolo, Mehari, Muriand Sundi.
• Kui
  • Kui is a South-Eastern Dravidian language spoken by the Kandhas.
  • It is mostly spoken in Odisha and written in the Odia script.

Additional Information

• According to the 2011 census the Odisha tribal population is 95,90,765.
• Odisha's tribal language is divided into 3 main language families.
  • Austro-Asiatic (Munda)
  • Examples of Austro-Asiatic languages: Bhumij, Birhor, Rem (Bonda), Gatah (Didyai), Gutab (Gadaba), Sora(Saora), Gorum (Parenga), Khadia, Juang, Santali, Ho, Mundari, etc
  • Dravida
  • Examples of Dravida languages: Gondi, Kui-Kondh, Kuvi-Kondh, Kisan, Koya, Olari, (Gadaba) Parja, Peng, Kudukh (Oraon), etc.
  • Indo-Aryan
  • Examples of Indo Aryan languages:- Bathudi, Bhuyan, Kurmali, Sounti, Sadri, Kandhan, Aghria, Desia, Jharia, Halbi, Bhatri, Matia, Bhunjia, etc.  
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