Which of the following generic features can be associated with the approach of Jurgen Habermas?

(a) Personalized approach for modifying teacher behaviour

(b) Emancipatory reflection

(c) Modes of discovering knowledge

(d) Ethical and moral concerns

(e) Hypothetical deduction

Indicate your answer from the options given below:

Jurgen Habermas

• Jurgen Habermas is a German philosopher and sociologist in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. 
• Habermas's theory of communicative action.
  • The theory is based on the idea that social order ultimately depends on the capacity of actors to recognize the intersubjective validity of the different claims on which social cooperation depends.
  • Habermas differentiates three primary generic cognitive areas in which human interest generates knowledge.

1. Work Knowledge - The way one controls and manipulates one's environment.
2. Practical knowledge- it is the human social interaction or 'communicative action'.
3. Emancipatory knowledge- It is the 'self-knowledge' or self-reflection.

​The following generic features can be associated with the approach of Jurgen Habermas are:

• Emancipatory reflection- Emancipatory reflection facilitates transformative action that is free from taken-for-granted assumptions and oppressive forces that limit them and their practice.
• Modes of discovering knowledge- The methods used to learn or understand the existing knowledge.
• Hypothetical deduction- Hypothetical-deductive reasoning involves starting with a general theory of all possible factors that might affect an outcome and forming a hypothesis.

​Therefore, option 3 is correct.