Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List I		List II
(a)	Theory of alienation	1.	Disjunction arises between relations of production and the means of production
(b)	Theory of dialectical materialism	2.	No major antagonism disappears unless a new antagonism emerges
(c)	Theory of class war	3.	A state of consciousness shaped by relations between man and objects
(d)	Theory of revolution	4.	The economic structure of society is the real foundation of society

The correct answer is - a - 3, b - 4, c - 2, d - 1

Key Points

• Matching List I with List II:
  • Theory of Alienation (a - 3): Alienation is a concept introduced by Karl Marx to describe the estrangement of individuals from their work, products, and relationships due to the structure of capitalist society. This is a state of consciousness shaped by the relations between humans and objects.
  • Theory of Dialectical Materialism (b - 4): This theory is based on the idea that the economic structure of society forms the real foundation upon which all societal superstructures, including politics and culture, are built.
  • Theory of Class War (c - 2): According to Marx, class struggle is the driving force of history. No major antagonism between classes disappears unless a new antagonism emerges, highlighting the perpetual nature of class conflict.
  • Theory of Revolution (d - 1): Revolution occurs when a disjunction arises between the relations of production and the means of production, leading to societal upheaval and restructuring.

Additional Information

• Karl Marx's Key Theories:
  • Alienation:
    • Workers are alienated from the products they produce because they do not own them.
    • Alienation also occurs in the process of labor, as workers have no control over how their work is organized.
  • Dialectical Materialism:
    • Society evolves through conflicts between opposing forces (thesis and antithesis), leading to a synthesis.
    • Material conditions, rather than ideas, are the foundation of societal evolution.
  • Class Struggle:
    • History is a series of struggles between dominant and oppressed classes (e.g., bourgeoisie vs. proletariat).
    • The ultimate goal is a classless society achieved through revolutionary means.
  • Revolution:
    • Revolution occurs when the existing economic system becomes incompatible with the modes of production.
    • This leads to a fundamental transformation of society, e.g., from feudalism to capitalism, or capitalism to socialism.
• Significance of Marxist Theory:
  • Provides a framework for analyzing historical and social change.
  • Focuses on economic inequality and its impact on societal structures.
  • Influenced numerous political movements, including socialism and communism.